CHY4U: Unit 1 Test Review

• Unit 1 Test Review for CHY4U covers topics from the intro unit to the early explorers.

Intro Unit Topics

• Eurocentrism is viewing the world from a European or Western perspective and considering those cultures superior.
• Humanism focuses on human values, potential, and achievements, emphasizing reason, education, and dignity.
• Historiography studies written history or the writing of history.
• History is the study of the past, especially concerning human affairs.

Schools of History

• Schools of history explain how historians understand and interpret societal change.
• "The great man" focuses on impactful individuals like thinkers, military leaders, and rulers. These figures redefined their times. Associated with Thomas Carlyle.
• Thesis/antithesis says that for every old idea, a new conflicting one emerges, creating a synthesis. Associated with Hegel.
• Class Conflict/Marxist adds class struggle to Hegel's ideas, conflict arises between ruling and newer classes over limited resources. Associated with Karl Marx.
• Geography determines a people group's nature and provides advantages or disadvantages. Example: Good sailors dominating overseas trade because England is an island. Associated with Carl Ritter and Alexander von Humboldt and Frederick Jackson Turner.
• Radical says history is written by and benefits the victors, focuses on exploitation, domination, and oppression like colonialism and imperialism.

Historical Thinking Concepts

• Historical Significance determines what is important to learn about the past and is shown by events, people or developments that resulted in change.
• Events, people, or developments have historical significance if they are revealing shedding light on enduring or emerging issues in history or contemporary life.
• Historical significance is constructed, determined by whether events, people or developments occupy a meaningful place in a narrative.
• Historical significance varies over time and from group to group.
• Evidence interprets history based on inferences from primary sources like accounts, traces, relics, or records
• Asking good questions can turn a source into evidence.
• Sourcing involves questioning the author/creator and their purposes, values, and worldview before reading a source.
• A source should be analyzed in its historical setting, considering prevalent conditions and worldviews.
• Inferences from a source need corroboration from other primary and secondary sources.
• Continuity and change are interwoven, chronologies can be a good starting point.
• Change is a process with varying paces. Turning points shift the process' direction or pace.
• Progress and decline broadly evaluate change, progress for one group might be a decline for another.
• Periodization organizes thinking about continuity and change.
• Cause and consequence, where events happen, and what their impacts are.
• Change is driven by multiple causes, resulting in complex short-term and long-term causes and consequences.
• The causes that lead to an event vary in influence.
• Events result from the interplay of historical actors and social, political, economic, and cultural conditions.
• Historical actors cannot always predict the effect of conditions, opposing actions, and unforeseen reactions. These have the effect of generating unintended consequences.
• Avoid presentism, or imposing present ideas on actors in the past and consider historical context and different perspectives to understand historical events.

The Dark Ages and Medieval Europe

• The Dark Ages years include 600 and 1450 CE.
• The plague came after the 14th century, with it being called "dark" due to being unenlightened.
• Medieval Europe compared to the Roman Empire had fewer cities, less trade, less cultural output, and less powerful governments, making their wars smaller.
• The people in medieval Europe had a longer life expectancy, about 30 years old, compared to the Roman empire which was 28.
• Feudalism: political system based on reciprocal relationships between lords owning land and vassals protecting it, and were also vessels for the king.
• Feudalism reinforced little freedom/social mobility and a constant economic/social gap between lords and vassals.
• After the Hong dynasty's fall, power went to lords who could protect citizens.

Islamic World and the Abbasids

• During the time period, the Islamic World expanded out of its homeland into countries such as Spain
• The Islamic Empire established a hierarchy where Arabs were at the top.
• The Abbasids hailed from eastern/Persian provinces, contributing to growth via openness to other cultures with a hereditary monarchy and welcomeness to non-Arab Muslims.
• Religion/learning in Baghdad were linked through translated Buddhist and Hindu scripts.
• Islamic Córdoba shaped art in Spain.
• Muslims in Spain engineered agricultural projects and brought clean water.

Golden Age in China

• China's government became more of a Dynasty, during the golden age.
• Produced incredible art- sculptures that weren't Chinese.
• There was so much trade that the Chinese ran out of coins- created paper money.
• The golden age occurred for Chinese poetry.
• Chinese metal workers made a lot of iron in the 11th century, compared to Europe's production of metals from the 18th century.
• Porcelain quality was really good.

Ibn Battuta

• In June 14, 1325, Ibn Battuta traveled to make his Haj or traditional Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca and traveled for 30 years, 75,000 miles, and visited every Muslim ruler; wanted to know more about the world; after he finished his education of becoming a judge.
• Ibn Battuta went to North Africa as well as Cairo and Alexandria in Egypt, then Gaza, Jerusalem, damascus, tabuk, medina, mecca. He then went to East africa by crossing the red sea, India and Calaca and maldives islands then China to ways of Bangladesh, beijing, Southern spain, Sahara desert, and West africa.
• Ibn Battuta's journey was recorded by a scholar hired by a sultan and called “The journey” or “Rhila”.

Characteristics of the Mongol Empire

• Consisted of nomadic groups with a shamanist society; promotion was based on merit, and they believed in spirits of nature.
• The Mongols didn't interfere with pre-existing religions much as long as they prayed for their leaders and included "Golden age of culture" in Yuan dynasty china.
• Women held significant authority managing migration.
• Forcefully settled workers in the empire but gold brocade was the most valuable resource. Silk road where trade flourished.
• Was the longest stretch of continuous land, flat land in Korea to Russia, Ukraine, middle east, south china. Society born on the plains and steppes of asia.

Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)

• Khan leader of the empire of China was the first ruler of the first foreign ruled dynasty in Chinese history.
• Had no introduction on how to rule a large empire and adapted alit from chinese culture leading to bureaucratic models.
• Zhao Mengfu was a chinese artist, looked at masters from previous dynasties and reinterpreted styles.
• Blue and white decorated ceramics/porcelain painting was with oxide so when it was burned it turned blue and the Paintings were the first bamboo paintings.
• Innovations to manufacturing, reestablished older trade links and a vital period for the arts as different technology was introduced to help with innovation – Scholars withdrew from their public lies and preferred a life with a more artistic approach. Able to unify china.
• Declined due to disputes in court settings, a lot of corruption, natural disasters, rebellions.

The Mughal Empire (1526-1761)

• Babur, prince in Central Asia, became ruler of Ferghana.
• Historians believe Babur was invited to India by Indian princes who wanted to overthrow their ruler.
• He did travel to India and taken control of Delhi founding the Mughal Empire.
• After Babur, Hamayun took over, then Akbar. The golden age of the mughal empire was when Akbar was ruler of the time, came to equalize instead of suppress different cultures
• Babur died of natural causes after 4 years of battling northern india because of this ongoing battle, the Mughal Empire was left with almost no money When Humayun, Baburs son, became emperor everyone saw him as a weak ruler as he preferred poetry to fighting, Humayun died before helping gain funds to support the empire

The Khanate of the Ilkhans (1265-1335)

• Hulegu Khan Whipped out the assassins, a secret order of schismatic Shia entrenched
• Destroyed the Abbasid capital of Baghdad, putting an end to the Caliphate.
• Controlled parts of Armenia, Iraq, Anatolia, all of Azerbaijan, and all of Iran
• Attempted to amass large amounts of astronomical data from China to Europe and Ilkhans eventually reactivated the Silk Road and promoted transcontinental trade
• Ghazan attempted to reform the tax policies that had led to the maximization of taxation.
• A divide between religions and contradicting Slaughter methods to clean codes.
• Gaykhatu Khan emptied the royal treasury with profligate spending resulting in He experimented with paper money recently adopted from China to compensate for his wasteful expenditures overprinting resulted in massive inflation.

The Golden Horde (1240-1502)

• Established by Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan: Formation of the golden horde (1240s) → he was apart of the mongol empire before it fell
• Skiller army force and The Golden Horde's justice system made life less violent
• Took census and tax payments
• In 1502, the Crimean Khanate, destroyed Golden Horde's capital. Russia was starting to drive Golden Horde from.

Fall of Constantinople

• The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern section of the Roman Empire that survived after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE.
• The sack of Constantinople weakened it.
• The Theme System was a system of provincial government in the Byzantine Empire, where land was granted to soldiers in exchange for military service.
• The empire's internal weakness included reliance on foreign mercenaries and religious divisions, weakening defense.
• Rise of the Ottoman Empire was the successful leadership of Osman I and successors. The Ottomans united smaller states and expanded through military conquest.
• The fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Roman Empire's continuation and ended Orthodox Christianity in the East.

The Renaissance

• French for rebirth, used to describe a mabolization of ideas.
• Revival of antiquity: Studies of the Greeks & Romans
• Economy Changes (decline of feudalism, Black Death, International trade) with Bankers, trades, merchants.
• Self governed, inderpendent, city- State with 12 artist guilds regulate everything = economic/commercial Success
• Gold Coin so pure it becomes a Standard Currency throughout Europe.
• Concerned with life and the present as seen in literature, art, and Science. Pursued facts and Classical Greek Heritage.
• Man's overall development - Concerned with how men lived, organized Society, with a Period of doubting and curiosity and Questioned everything.

The Medici Family

• The Medici's made profits through bribery, corruption and violence while exploiting friends.
• They created a partnership with the Catholic Church, collected 10% of earnings for the church, and faced excommunication if you couldn't.
• Medici bank was one of the most profitable businesses in Europe.
• The pope himself had a significant overdraft at the Medici hank, and the Medici didn't hesitate to wield their financial influence for political gain.
• The decline of the Medici's came with a New Medici Branch and with Marie became queen of France when she married Henry IV in 1600.

Machiavelli's political philosophy

• Should have no other object or thought in mind than war and how to wage it.
• Must be clever enough to know how to avoid a bad reputation for having certain vices that could endanger his position.
• Views Men as ungrateful talkative, tricky, and deceitful and had a very negative outlook on people and they are all violent
• Machiavelli's virtu included wisdom, Stradegy, Strength, Bravery as well as Ruthlessness.

Reformation

• Wrote 95 Theses on practices of the sale of indulgences.
• Anabaptists believed in adult baptism taken as a conscious choice and in rural people from lower classes
• Institutions of the Christian Religion coherent statement of the new Protestant faith.
• Johan Tetzel raised large sums of money and Ulrich Zwigli led a similar movement to Luther.
• Luther had Sola fide (Salvation by faith alone) and Sola Scriptura (Authority from the scripture alone);
• Society of Jesus/Jesuit Order who was the most important new force dedicated to the reform of the Catholic Church
• Pluralism the dream of religious unity in the West.
• Church of England became another form of institutionalized Protestantism. Wrote "the 95 Thesis".
• 1618 to 1648 the Thirty Years War that created massive destruction in Europe over religious tensions. Caused the Peace of Westphalia.
• As a consequence, there was Growth of religious tolerance and there was weakening of the Catholic Church's authority
• 1588 Spanish Armada: goal was to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and restore Catholicism but England won.

Diamond's Theory of Guns, Germs, and Steel

• Argues that geographic and environmental factors, not race or culture, primarily drive societal development,
• diversified society and the ability to specialize in weapon making as well as a lot of resource coming from europe leading to
• more trade and with collaboration a faster and wider spread of new technologies and ideas

Early Explores

• Prince Henry "The Navigator" sponsored expeditions to Africa and founded a school for mariners/cartographers to expand Portugal's power and Christianity.
• Vasco da Gama opened the sea route to india in 1497. The Caravel ship was mostly used.
• Columbus' voyage sponsored by the king and queen of spain marked the first encounter between America and Europe. Believed these people open to conversion. Hernan Cortes was a Spanish conquistador and conquered the aztec. Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec.