50 Questions
Which of the following is a diagnostic criterion for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
FEV1/FVC ratio less than 0.7
What is a common risk factor for Valvular Heart Disease?
Marfan's syndrome
Which condition is characterized by a pink frothy sputum indicating heart failure?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What murmur timing is typically associated with Aortic insufficiency?
After S1
Which condition is not a cause of Valvular Heart Disease?
Myocardial infarction
What is the common classification method for Valvular Heart Disease?
By valve and then either stenosis or insufficiency
What is considered a symptom of Aortic stenosis?
Exertional angina
What is a possible cause of Tricuspid stenosis?
Carcinoid syndrome
What is characterized by left atrial myxoma?
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Which type of heart valve disorder typically presents with exertional dyspnea and signs of right heart failure?
Pulmonary stenosis
Which heart valve issue is usually asymptomatic but when severe can present with angina, dyspnea, and features of heart failure?
Aortic regurgitation
What is De Musset's sign associated with in cardiac pathology?
Mitral stenosis
Which heart valve disorder may be diagnosed solely by echocardiogram due to being asymptomatic?
Tricuspid regurgitation
In which type of valvular disorder would you typically find venous congestion due to hindrance of blood flow in the right atrium?
Tricuspid stenosis
What is the most important cause of acquired heart disease in young adults in resource-limited countries?
Rheumatic heart disease
Which cardiac condition may lead to ventricular arrhythmias as a result of right ventricular enlargement?
Pulmonary regurgitation
Which of the following signs refers to capillary pulsations and is associated with aortic regurgitation?
Quincke's sign
What clinical sign involves uvula pulsation and is seen in patients with mitral insufficiency?
Muller's sign
What is a characteristic feature of the Th2 high phenotype of asthma?
Late onset and predominantly allergic symptoms
Which cell type is primarily targeted by Benralizumab in the treatment of asthma?
Eosinophils
What is a key effect of Mepolizumab in the treatment of asthma?
Reducing asthma exacerbations through eosinophil reduction
Which inflammatory cell is NOT typically involved in the pathogenesis of asthma?
Macrophages
Which characteristic distinguishes the Th2 low phenotype of asthma?
Sputum neutrophilia and IL-8 involvement
What distinguishes the steroid responsiveness between the Th2 high and Th2 low phenotypes of asthma?
Th2 high is steroid-refractory, while Th2 low is more responsive to steroids
Which treatment specifically targets IgE reduction in asthma?
Omalizumab
What is a common feature of both the early onset Th2 high and late onset Th2 high phenotypes of asthma?
Allergic symptoms and specific IgE elevation
What is the primary target of Mepolizumab in the treatment of asthma?
Eosinophils
Which characteristic differentiates the Th2 high phenotype of asthma from the Th2 low phenotype?
Sputum eosinophilia
What is the mechanism of action of Omalizumab in the treatment of asthma?
Forms soluble immune complexes by binding to Fc portion of IgE
Which inflammatory cell type is NOT listed as involved in asthma pathogenesis?
Neutrophils
What is a key characteristic of the Th2 low phenotype of asthma?
Sputum neutrophilia
Which treatment for asthma is specifically aimed at reducing IL5-responsive eosinophils?
Mepolizumab
Which heart valve disorder is uncommon and rarely exists in isolation, with chronic manifestations of venous congestion due to hindrance of blood flow in the right atrium?
Tricuspid stenosis
Which condition can cause pulmonary insufficiency as a manifestation of Valvular Heart Disease?
Congenital pulmonary stenosis
What is the key symptom associated with pulmonary stenosis?
Exertional dyspnea
What is the underlying cause of Ebstein anomaly, a form of Valvular Heart Disease?
Congenital defect of the tricuspid valve
Which valve disorder can present with a murmur between S1 and S2, indicating a short systolic murmur?
Aortic insufficiency
Which of the following signs is associated with aortic regurgitation and involves nodding of the head with heart beating?
De Musset's sign
In Valvular Heart Disease, what can lead to right ventricular dilation and potentially ventricular arrhythmias?
Tricuspid stenosis
In mitral valve prolapse, approximately what percentage of patients only have mild or no mitral regurgitation?
75%
What is a characteristic feature of tricuspid regurgitation that helps diagnose the condition solely through echocardiogram?
Highly compliant
Which cardiac condition may rarely present with haemoptysis as a symptom, along with features of heart failure?
Mitral insufficiency
Which valve disorder may be asymptomatic for decades but presents severe symptoms such as angina, dyspnea, and features of heart failure when it becomes severe?
Aortic regurgitation
What condition can result in the characteristic finding of pink frothy sputum, indicating signs of heart failure?
Myxomatous mitral valve prolapse (pMVP)
Which type of asthma phenotype is most likely to present with sinusitis and less allergic symptoms?
Th2 high phenotype with late onset eosinophilic characteristics
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes the Th2 low phenotype of asthma from the Th2 high phenotypes?
Predominance of neutrophils
Which treatment for asthma specifically targets IL5-responsive eosinophils?
Mepolizumab
What is a key feature that differentiates the Th2 high phenotype of asthma from the Th2 low phenotype?
Eosinophil involvement
Which inflammatory cell type is primarily targeted by Benralizumab in the treatment of asthma?
Eosinophils
What effect does Benralizumab have on blood eosinophil counts in patients with asthma?
Completely suppresses blood eosinophil counts
Learn about the diagnostic criteria, exacerbations management, and causes & risk factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) as well as Valvular Heart Disease. Understand the heterogenous lung condition and heart valve issues associated with these medical conditions.
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