Chronic Kidney Disease Overview

Waste product buildup in the body due to hindered filtration.

High potassium levels in the body, a kidney complication.

Kidney damage due to insufficient blood flow (under perfusion).

Narrowing of the renal arteries, restricting blood flow to the kidneys.

Long-term kidney damage that reduces function progressively.

Metabolic disorder causing high blood sugar, a major cause of CKD

Protein (albumin) in the urine, a sign of kidney damage.

Kidney problems increase the chance of heart conditions.

A kidney disease causing damage to the kidney's filtering units (nephrons), leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD).

A common type of CGN caused by IgA protein deposits in the glomeruli.

Secondary nephron damage caused by the increased workload on remaining nephrons.

CKD types that involve problems in the lower part of the urinary tract. It accounts for 5-10% of CKD cases.

A type of lower urinary tract disease where urine flows backward into the kidneys.

A lower urinary tract disorder where stones obstruct the flow of urine.

Frequent urination resulting in high urine volume.

The primary components of kidney stones, contributing to their formation and potential complications.

Recurring urinary tract infections that affect the kidneys, causing potential renal scarring over time.

A blockage outside the kidneys, often caused by prostate enlargement in men, obstructing urine flow.

Kidney disease inherited through genes, accounting for 5% of all cases.

An inherited condition leading to multiple cysts in both kidneys, often resulting in kidney failure in middle age.

Elevated levels of protein in the urine, a sign of kidney damage.

A disorder affecting glomerular basement membranes, causing kidney damage. The exact cause is unknown in about 30% of cases.

A measure of albumin levels in urine compared to creatinine. Used to stage kidney damage.

The most severe stage of albuminuria, indicated by an ACR of 30 mg/mmol. Signifies significant kidney damage.

Symptoms of advanced kidney disease, appearing in late stages of CKD (G4 and G5).

The presence of blood in the urine, indicating potential kidney or urinary tract issues.

Presence of blood and/or protein in the urine, indicating kidney dysfunction.

Blood in the urine detectable only under a microscope, often unnoticed.

Visible blood in the urine, easily noticeable.

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) is the active form of vitamin D, produced by the kidneys from inactive forms.

Calcitriol promotes calcium absorption in the intestines, regulates calcium levels in the blood, and supports bone mineralization.

Renal osteodystrophy encompasses four bone disorders linked to chronic kidney disease (CKD), caused by mineral and hormonal imbalances.

'Rugger-jersey spine' is a radiographic appearance of the spine in CKD, showing alternating bands of dense and less dense bone, indicative of bone mineralization issues.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs due to elevated parathyroid hormone levels in CKD, leading to osteosclerosis, an abnormal hardening of bone.

Osteosclerosis is an abnormal hardening of bones, often seen in CKD due to secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Bone pain is the main symptom of renal osteodystrophy, a bone disorder associated with CKD.

1α-hydroxycholecalciferol (alfacalcidol) is the intermediate form of vitamin D, used therapeutically in CKD patients to bypass kidney conversion of vitamin D.

High blood pressure damages the kidney's small blood vessels, leading to thickening and hardening. This restricts blood flow, activating the RAAS, which further raises blood pressure and worsens the problem.

Controlling blood pressure is crucial to slow down the progression of CKD. Hypertension significantly worsens kidney damage.

Common side effects include initial GFR reduction, hyperkalemia, and dry cough. However, these are generally manageable.

These medications are used to manage hypertension in CKD. They can temporarily decrease GFR in the first 3 months, but their long-term benefits outweigh this.

Combining ACE inhibitors and ARBs is not recommended due to worse outcomes.

They should be stopped if GFR reduction exceeds 25%, as this may indicate underlying issues like renal artery stenosis.

Closely monitor potassium levels, as it can increase with these medications. High potassium can lead to heart problems.

These medications are not recommended for use in CKD as they are associated with high complication rates.