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Questions and Answers
Which area of the brain is responsible for reward and reinforcement in addiction?
Which area of the brain is responsible for reward and reinforcement in addiction?
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
- Nucleus accumbens (correct)
- Prefrontal cortex
What is the term used to describe the state of agitation and irritability experienced during withdrawal from opiates or alcohol?
What is the term used to describe the state of agitation and irritability experienced during withdrawal from opiates or alcohol?
- Depression
- Epileptic seizures
- Agitation (correct)
- Relaxation
What is the term used to describe the diminished response to the effect of a given amount of drug following repeated exposure to the drug?
What is the term used to describe the diminished response to the effect of a given amount of drug following repeated exposure to the drug?
- Withdrawal
- Compulsion
- Tolerance (correct)
- Addiction
Which two aspects of the brain are involved in addiction?
Which two aspects of the brain are involved in addiction?
Which system in the brain helps us identify stimuli in the environment that are good for us and orientate our behaviors towards getting more of those stimuli?
Which system in the brain helps us identify stimuli in the environment that are good for us and orientate our behaviors towards getting more of those stimuli?
What do addictive drugs do to the natural reward system in the brain?
What do addictive drugs do to the natural reward system in the brain?
What are the biological and psychological mechanisms behind addiction?
What are the biological and psychological mechanisms behind addiction?
What will be discussed in the lecture on addiction?
What will be discussed in the lecture on addiction?
What is the role of dopamine in the brain's reward system?
What is the role of dopamine in the brain's reward system?
What happens in the brain when a reward is unexpectedly received?
What happens in the brain when a reward is unexpectedly received?
What does the nucleus accumbens signal in the human brain?
What does the nucleus accumbens signal in the human brain?
What is the function of the brain's reinforcement system?
What is the function of the brain's reinforcement system?
Which brain region is involved in bringing in emotions, fear, anxiety, and the environmental cues and context of drug seeking and taking experience?
Which brain region is involved in bringing in emotions, fear, anxiety, and the environmental cues and context of drug seeking and taking experience?
What is the role of dopamine in the brain?
What is the role of dopamine in the brain?
What brain region is responsible for releasing the dopamine signal in anticipation of a reward?
What brain region is responsible for releasing the dopamine signal in anticipation of a reward?
What is the main function of instrumental conditioning in non-human primates?
What is the main function of instrumental conditioning in non-human primates?
Which area of the brain shows shrinkage in dopaminergic neurons after chronic exposure to drugs of addiction?
Which area of the brain shows shrinkage in dopaminergic neurons after chronic exposure to drugs of addiction?
What happens to the neurons in the nucleus accumbens during acute exposure to drugs of addiction?
What happens to the neurons in the nucleus accumbens during acute exposure to drugs of addiction?
What are the two categories of changes that contribute to addiction?
What are the two categories of changes that contribute to addiction?
What is one symptom that can occur during withdrawal from drugs of addiction?
What is one symptom that can occur during withdrawal from drugs of addiction?
Which brain area is involved in reinforcing behaviors and is activated by both natural reinforcers and addictive drugs?
Which brain area is involved in reinforcing behaviors and is activated by both natural reinforcers and addictive drugs?
What is the main effect of addictive drugs on natural reinforcers?
What is the main effect of addictive drugs on natural reinforcers?
What happens when dopamine is blocked in the nucleus accumbens?
What happens when dopamine is blocked in the nucleus accumbens?
How do stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines act on the dopaminergic system?
How do stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines act on the dopaminergic system?
Which neurotransmitters do cocaine and amphetamine inhibit the reuptake transporters for?
Which neurotransmitters do cocaine and amphetamine inhibit the reuptake transporters for?
What is the main difference between cocaine and amphetamine in terms of their effect on dopamine levels?
What is the main difference between cocaine and amphetamine in terms of their effect on dopamine levels?
What is the role of the dopamine transporter in reinforcing effects?
What is the role of the dopamine transporter in reinforcing effects?
What initial effect do cocaine and amphetamine have on the brain?
What initial effect do cocaine and amphetamine have on the brain?
Which neurotransmitter's release is inhibited by cocaine?
Which neurotransmitter's release is inhibited by cocaine?
Which brain region is mentioned as having increased extracellular dopamine levels due to cocaine and amphetamine?
Which brain region is mentioned as having increased extracellular dopamine levels due to cocaine and amphetamine?
Which brain region is responsible for releasing dopamine in anticipation of a reward?
Which brain region is responsible for releasing dopamine in anticipation of a reward?
What is the main effect of addictive drugs on natural reinforcers?
What is the main effect of addictive drugs on natural reinforcers?
What is the main function of instrumental conditioning in non-human primates?
What is the main function of instrumental conditioning in non-human primates?
What happens to the neurons in the nucleus accumbens during acute exposure to drugs of addiction?
What happens to the neurons in the nucleus accumbens during acute exposure to drugs of addiction?
What is the main difference between cocaine and amphetamine in terms of their effect on dopamine levels?
What is the main difference between cocaine and amphetamine in terms of their effect on dopamine levels?
What are the two categories of changes that contribute to addiction?
What are the two categories of changes that contribute to addiction?
What is the role of the dopamine transporter in reinforcing effects?
What is the role of the dopamine transporter in reinforcing effects?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity, and is used to explain memory?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity, and is used to explain memory?
Which brain region is involved in associative learning and becomes associated with taking drugs when there is coincident firing between sensory pathways and the mesocorticolimbic pathway?
Which brain region is involved in associative learning and becomes associated with taking drugs when there is coincident firing between sensory pathways and the mesocorticolimbic pathway?
Which receptor subtype is responsible for most of morphine's analgesic and rewarding properties?
Which receptor subtype is responsible for most of morphine's analgesic and rewarding properties?
Which neurotransmitter's release in the nucleus accumbens is increased by alcohol (EtOH)?
Which neurotransmitter's release in the nucleus accumbens is increased by alcohol (EtOH)?
Which neurotransmitter's release in the nucleus accumbens is increased by nicotine?
Which neurotransmitter's release in the nucleus accumbens is increased by nicotine?
Which receptor subtype is involved in both the rewarding effects of ethanol (EtOH) and nicotine?
Which receptor subtype is involved in both the rewarding effects of ethanol (EtOH) and nicotine?
Which drug can be used to reduce ethanol (EtOH) consumption, relapse, and craving in alcoholics?
Which drug can be used to reduce ethanol (EtOH) consumption, relapse, and craving in alcoholics?
Which of the following is a characteristic of addiction/substance dependence?
Which of the following is a characteristic of addiction/substance dependence?
What are withdrawal symptoms?
What are withdrawal symptoms?
What is tolerance in the context of drug use?
What is tolerance in the context of drug use?
Which brain regions are involved in addiction?
Which brain regions are involved in addiction?
What is the role of the nucleus accumbens in the brain's reward system?
What is the role of the nucleus accumbens in the brain's reward system?
Which neurotransmitters do cocaine and amphetamine inhibit the reuptake transporters for?
Which neurotransmitters do cocaine and amphetamine inhibit the reuptake transporters for?
What is the main function of instrumental conditioning in addiction?
What is the main function of instrumental conditioning in addiction?
Which brain region is responsible for controlling attention, arousal, and vigilance, and is involved in eliciting 'fight or flight' autonomic responses?
Which brain region is responsible for controlling attention, arousal, and vigilance, and is involved in eliciting 'fight or flight' autonomic responses?
What is the compensatory mechanism that occurs in response to chronic activation of opiate receptors, leading to tolerance and physical dependence?
What is the compensatory mechanism that occurs in response to chronic activation of opiate receptors, leading to tolerance and physical dependence?
What is the acute effect of morphine on the firing of Locus coeruleus (LC) neurons?
What is the acute effect of morphine on the firing of Locus coeruleus (LC) neurons?
What is the intracellular mechanism in LC neurons that leads to compensation and tolerance to the analgesic effects of opiates?
What is the intracellular mechanism in LC neurons that leads to compensation and tolerance to the analgesic effects of opiates?
What is the neurotransmitter receptor that is targeted by clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, to block the overactivation of the autonomic nervous system during opiate withdrawal?
What is the neurotransmitter receptor that is targeted by clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, to block the overactivation of the autonomic nervous system during opiate withdrawal?
What is the acute effect of alcohol on the firing of neurons in the brain?
What is the acute effect of alcohol on the firing of neurons in the brain?
What is the main effect of chronic alcohol use on GABAA receptors in the brain?
What is the main effect of chronic alcohol use on GABAA receptors in the brain?
What is the main effect of chronic alcohol use on NMDA receptors in the brain?
What is the main effect of chronic alcohol use on NMDA receptors in the brain?
What are the physical symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal?
What are the physical symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal?
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Study Notes
Addiction and the Brain
- The ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens are involved in addiction.
- The ventral tegmental area is responsible for releasing the dopamine signal in anticipation of a reward.
Reward System
- The mesolimbic dopamine system helps identify stimuli in the environment that are good for us and orients our behavior towards getting more of those stimuli.
- Dopamine is involved in the brain's reward system, and addictive drugs alter the natural reward system in the brain.
- The nucleus accumbens signals the presence of a stimulus that is better than expected.
Withdrawal and Tolerance
- Withdrawal symptoms include agitation, irritability, and anxiety when stopping or reducing use of a drug.
- Tolerance is the diminished response to the effect of a given amount of drug following repeated exposure to the drug.
Brain Regions Involved in Addiction
- The amygdala is involved in bringing in emotions, fear, anxiety, and the environmental cues and context of drug seeking and taking experience.
Dopamine and Addiction
- Dopamine is responsible for the persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity, and is used to explain memory.
- Cocaine and amphetamines act on the dopaminergic system, inhibiting the reuptake transporters for dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
Other Neurotransmitters and Addiction
- Opiates, such as morphine, act on the mu-opioid receptor, responsible for most of morphine's analgesic and rewarding properties.
- Ethanol (alcohol) and nicotine increase the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.
- The alpha-2 adrenergic receptor is targeted by clonidine to block the overactivation of the autonomic nervous system during opiate withdrawal.
Instrumental Conditioning
- Instrumental conditioning is involved in addiction, and in non-human primates, it involves the association between behavior and reward.
Compensatory Mechanisms
- Chronic activation of opiate receptors leads to tolerance and physical dependence through compensatory mechanisms.
- Chronic alcohol use alters GABAA and NMDA receptors in the brain.
Withdrawal Symptoms
- Physical symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal include agitation, anxiety, and tremors.
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