Chromosome Structure and Function

What is the primary role of chromosomes in living organisms?

How many chromosomes do humans have in total?

What structure helps to compact DNA into chromosomes?

Which chromosome type has the centromere located near the center?

What is formed when DNA wraps around eight histones?

Which function of chromosomes helps prevent DNA from getting tangled or damaged?

What serves as the site for spindle fiber attachment during mitosis?

Which of the following processes is NOT associated with the functions of chromosomes?

What type of chromosome has both p and q arms of roughly equal length?

Which chromosomes in humans are classified as submetacentric?

What chromosome type has the centromere positioned at the end?

What is the purpose of a karyotype?

Which of the following chromosomes are acrocentric in humans?

What genetic abnormality is represented by trisomy 21?

Sister chromatids are best described as:

Chromosome Structure and Function

Chromosomes carry genetic information, passed to offspring.
They are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins.
DNA is organized into genes, which code for traits.
Chromosomes condense DNA into manageable units via histones, nucleosomes, and chromatin.
Humans have 46 chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes).

Chromosome Purpose

Transmit genetic information between generations.
Maintain DNA integrity by compacting it.
Contain DNA that controls traits, gene regulation, protein synthesis, and cell replication.
Some organisms (bacteria, mitochondria) have circular chromosomes.

Chromosome Types

Classified based on centromere location.
- Metacentric: Equal p & q arms, central centromere (V-shape). Examples include human chromosomes 1, 3, 16.
- Submetacentric: Slightly off-center centromere, slightly different p & q arm lengths (J or L shape). Examples include human chromosomes 2, 6, 10.
- Acrocentric: Significantly off-center centromere; short p arm, long q arm (I-shape). Examples include human chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, 22.
- Telocentric: Centromere at the end of the chromosome, one arm. Not found in humans.

Karyotypes

Visual map of an individual's chromosomes.
Used to detect genetic abnormalities.
Pairs autosomal chromosomes based on centromere location and banding patterns.
Pairs sex chromosomes to form the 23rd pair.
Made using cells in metaphase or prometaphase of mitosis.
Karyotypes reveal sex and chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome).

Explore the intricate details of chromosome structure and function in eukaryotic cells. This quiz covers genetic information transmission, types of chromosomes, and their roles in gene regulation and protein synthesis. Test your knowledge on chromosome classifications and their significance in heredity.