Chromosomal Abnormalities and Syndromes Quiz

<p>Mild physical features often with speech problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turner syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Webbed neck and short stature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Down syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>98% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amnioblast cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To line the blastocyst cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epiblast and hypoblast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stimulate production of progesterone by the corpus luteum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous abortion or ectopic pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of an embryo and high hCG levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha-fetoprotein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cause an arrested state in oocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40,000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mature vesicular follicle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 37 hours prior to ovulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One viable mature oocyte and three polar bodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A female and male pronucleus each with 23 chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chorionic villi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chorion frondosum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dizygotic twins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Always share a single placenta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One secondary oocyte by one sperm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 placentas, 2 chorionic sacs, 2 amniotic sacs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetus papyraceus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Twin transfusion syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monozygotic twins with a shared placenta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erector spinae muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amelia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal duplication of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Third metacarpal and phalangeal bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congenital joint contractures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscles of the back (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Micromelia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of the primitive streak (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It controls the cell migration, invagination and specification in the primitive streak. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primitive node (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining the site of gastrulation, initiating germ layer formation, and defining major body axes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It gradually diminishes in size and typically disappears by the fourth week. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remnants of the primitive streak that persist in the sacrococcygeal region. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissues derived from all three germ layers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A genetic condition resulting in an extra copy of the X chromosome in males, usually diagnosed in adulthood. It's associated with sterility, testicular atrophy, longer limbs, and gynecomastia.

A genetic condition affecting females due to an extra X chromosome. Most women remain asymptomatic or experience mild symptoms, including menstrual irregularities and some mental retardation.

The only monosomy compatible with life, affecting females with a missing X chromosome. It is characterized by the absence of ovaries, short stature, webbed neck, and lymphedema.

A situation where a chromosome is present in an extra copy.

A situation where a chromosome is missing.

A condition caused by abnormalities in the number of chromosomes.

Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and Patau syndrome are examples of this. They happen due to an extra copy of an autosome.

Klinefelter syndrome and Triple X syndrome are examples of this. They happen due to an extra copy of a sex chromosome.

A small peptide secreted by follicular cells that stops oocyte maturation during childhood. This ensures that most oocytes remain in a resting state until puberty.

The process by which oocytes (eggs) mature, beginning at puberty. This involves the development of follicles and the eventual release of a mature egg.

The stage of oocyte development where fluid accumulates within follicles, preceding ovulation.

A swollen follicle just before ovulation, ready to release an egg.

The hormone responsible for triggering ovulation, leading to the release of a mature egg from the ovary.

The process of dividing the egg cell (oocyte) to prepare it for fertilization. Meiosis II is completed only if the egg is fertilized.

A mature egg cell containing 23 chromosomes, resulting from oogenesis and ready for fertilization.

The union of the male and female pronuclei, resulting in a single cell called a zygote, containing 46 chromosomes.

Cells that are adjacent to the cytotrophoblast and contribute to the formation of the amnion, a membrane that surrounds the developing embryo.

A layer of cells that lines the blastocyst cavity and forms the primary yolk sac. It contributes to the development of the umbilical cord and other structures.

A flat disk formed by the epiblast and hypoblast layers. It is the foundation of the embryo.

A glycoprotein hormone produced by the syncytiotrophoblast, the outer layer of the trophoblast. It plays a crucial role in maintaining pregnancy by stimulating progesterone production.

A condition characterized by the abnormal growth of the chorionic villi, the tiny projections that develop into the placenta. It is often associated with high levels of hCG and the absence of a fetus.

A malignant tumor of the trophoblast, the outer layer of the blastocyst that forms the placenta. It can develop after a normal pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, or hydatidiform mole.

Cell surface antigens that are normally present during fetal development but are also found in malignant cells. They are used as tumor markers for diagnosis and treatment prognosis.

A tumor marker used for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and some germ cell tumors.

The process of transforming the bilaminar embryonic disc (made of epiblast and hypoblast) into a trilaminar disc consisting of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. It starts with the formation of the primitive streak, which is a linear band of thickened epiblast.

A linear band of thickened epiblast that forms during gastrulation. It serves as the origin point for cell migration and differentiation, leading to the formation of the three germ layers.

A groove that appears in the primitive streak during gastrulation. It is involved in the invagination of cells from the epiblast, giving rise to the mesoderm and endoderm.

The most cranial (head-end) part of the primitive streak. It plays a crucial role in establishing the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo.

The outermost layer of the trilaminar embryonic disc. It goes on to form the skin, nervous system, and sensory organs.

The middle layer of the trilaminar embryonic disc. It gives rise to muscles, bones, blood, and connective tissues.

The innermost layer of the trilaminar embryonic disc. It differentiates into the lining of the digestive tract, respiratory system, and other internal organs.

A type of tumor that arises from remnants of the primitive streak in the sacrococcygeal region. It often contains tissues derived from all three germ layers.

A condition that occurs in identical twins that share a placenta, where blood vessels within the placenta connect and allow blood to transfer from one twin to the other. This can lead to one twin receiving more blood than the other.

Muscles of the body that are attached to the skeleton and allow voluntary movement.

The process by which skeletal muscles develop from the myotomes of somites during embryonic development.

A severe congenital defect characterized by the complete absence of one or more limbs.

A congenital limb defect where a limb is partially absent.

A congenital limb defect where all limb segments are present but abnormally short.

A congenital limb defect where fingers or toes are fused together.

A congenital limb defect characterized by the presence of one or more extra fingers or toes.

The portion of the chorion that forms the placenta. It's the functional unit of the placenta, responsible for nutrient and gas exchange between the fetus and mother.

Twins that develop from two separate eggs fertilized by two different sperm. They have different genetic makeup and may or may not be of the same sex.

Twins that develop from a single fertilized egg that splits at a later stage. They share identical genetic material.

The splitting of a zygote into two embryos at the two-cell stage. It's a less common type of monozygotic twin development.

The splitting of a zygote into two embryos at the early blastocyst stage. This is the most common type of monozygotic twin development.

The splitting of a zygote into two embryos at the bilaminar germ disc stage. This results in incomplete separation and sharing of some structures.

The disappearance of one twin during the first trimester. Often, the dying fetus is absorbed or becomes a flattened, mummified structure known as a fetus papyraceus.