Christian Theology: Key Concepts
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Which of the following best represents the central concept of Augustine's Civitas Dei?

  • The spiritual community of believers, distinct from the earthly city but influencing it. (correct)
  • A set of military strategies for defending Christian territories against pagan invasions.
  • The idea that secular governments should always be subordinate to religious authority.
  • A literal, earthly kingdom established by the Christian church to enforce divine law.

In what way did the Investiture Controversy primarily challenge the existing power structures in medieval Europe?

  • By asserting the supremacy of secular rulers in appointing church officials, challenging papal authority. (correct)
  • By advocating for the complete separation of church and state, limiting papal influence.
  • By promoting democratic elections for church leadership, undermining monarchical power.
  • By questioning the legitimacy of the Pope's spiritual authority over sacraments.

How did the Edict of Milan, issued in 313 AD, impact the early development of Christianity within the Roman Empire?

  • It solidified Christianity as the official state religion of the Roman Empire, suppressing all other faiths.
  • It initiated a period of intense persecution against Christians who refused to join the Roman army.
  • It granted religious tolerance, ending persecution and allowing Christians to practice their faith openly. (correct)
  • It mandated that all Roman citizens must convert to Christianity within a five-year period or face exile.

Which of the following statements best encapsulates Thomas Hobbes's view of human nature in Leviathan?

<p>Humans are driven by a perpetual and restless desire for power, leading to conflict in the absence of government. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the concept of prima sedes a nemine iudicatur influence the development of papal authority?

<p>It established the Pope as the supreme legal authority, not subject to judgment by any earthly power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Apologetics?

<p>The reasoned defense of religious beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Augustine?

<p>An early Christian theologian and philosopher whose writings influenced the development of Western Christianity and philosophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Biblical Literalism.

<p>The interpretation of the Bible based on the literal meaning of its words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Charlemagne?

<p>King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor who united a large part of Europe during the Early Middle Ages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Christos' refer to?

<p>Greek term for 'anointed one'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Donation of Constantine?

<p>A forged Roman imperial decree by which the emperor Constantine I supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Edict of Milan?

<p>A proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the English Civil War?

<p>A series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists in the Kingdom of England.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Gregory the Great?

<p>Pope from 590 to 604 AD, known for his writings and reforms of the Church.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Henry VIII?

<p>King of England known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Historical Criticism?

<p>A branch of criticism that investigates the origins of ancient texts in order to understand 'the world behind the text'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Justin Martyr?

<p>An early Christian apologist and philosopher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Letter to Diognetus?

<p>An early Christian apologetic text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Libido Dominandi' mean?

<p>A term referring to the lust for power or domination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Pentateuch?

<p>The first five books of the Hebrew Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Prima sedes a nemine judicatur' mean?

<p>The First See is judged by no one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Summum bonum' mean?

<p>The highest good.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Tertullian?

<p>A prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Aquinas?

<p>Saint Thomas Aquinas was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Biblical Hermeneutics?

<p>The study of the principles and methods of interpreting the Bible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Civitas Dei.

<p>Latin for City of God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Christendom?

<p>The worldwide body or community of Christians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Constantine?

<p>A Roman Emperor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Duo sunt' mean?

<p>There are two</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Edict of Thessalonica?

<p>Issued in 380 AD by Theodosius I, made Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the English Reformation?

<p>A series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Harry Frankfurt?

<p>An American philosopher known for his work on moral philosophy and the concept of 'bullshit'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Hobbes?

<p>Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Investiture Controversy?

<p>A conflict in the 11th and 12th centuries between the papacy and European monarchs over who had the authority to appoint church officials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Leviathan?

<p>A book by Thomas Hobbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Magisterial Reformation?

<p>The magisterial Reformation is a name given to the mainstream Protestant movement that arose in response to perceived errors in the Catholic Church.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Sophists?

<p>A group of traveling teachers in ancient Greece who specialized in rhetoric and argumentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Summa Theologiae'?

<p>The Summa Theologiae is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Thomas Müntzer?

<p>An early German Anabaptist during the Protestant Reformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Torah?

<p>The first five books of the Hebrew Bible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Trajan?

<p>A Roman emperor from 98 to 117 AD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the biblical passages we read earlier in class, in what respects can it be said that these passages outline a “political” vision?

<p>This requires specific answers related to class readings and lectures. Please provide documents with the class readings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Constantine contribute to the rise of Christendom?

<p>This requires specific answers related to class lectures. Please provide documents with the class lectures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Aquinas, what are the best and worst forms of government, and why?

<p>This requires specific answers related to class readings and lectures. Please provide documents with the class readings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Please describe Luther's "Two Kingdoms" model.

<p>This requires specific answers related to class readings and lectures. Please provide documents with the class readings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Hobbes describe the “state of nature", and how should government respond to this?

<p>This requires specific answers related to class readings and lectures. Please provide documents with the class readings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions taken by Constantine was most instrumental in fostering the growth of Christendom?

<p>Convening councils of bishops to standardize Christian doctrine and practices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Aquinas's view, what distinguishes the best forms of government from the worst?

<p>Their orientation toward the common good versus the private interests of the ruler(s). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Luther's 'Two Kingdoms' model differentiate between the roles of secular and spiritual authority?

<p>Spiritual authority governs the internal life of believers, while secular authority maintains order in the external world. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hobbes, what is the primary motivator that drives individuals in the 'state of nature'?

<p>A perpetual fear of death and a desire for self-preservation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Donation of Constantine, although later proven a forgery, impact the development of papal power in the medieval period?

<p>It provided a legal basis for the papacy's claim to temporal authority over large territories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Apologetics

Defense of the Christian faith through reasoned arguments.

Civitas Dei

Also known as the City of God; Augustine's concept of a heavenly city distinct from earthly cities.

Christendom

The historical period and societal structure where Christianity heavily influenced or dominated political and social life.

Donation of Constantine

A claim that a document from Constantine granted the Pope authority over Rome and the Western Roman Empire.

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Edict of Milan

Roman decree by Constantine in 313 AD legalizing Christianity in the Roman Empire.

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Biblical Hermeneutics

An attempt to interpret and understand the Bible.

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Biblical Literalism

Interpreting the Bible based on a surface-level reading of its texts.

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Christos

Symbol of Christ.

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Constantine

Roman emperor who legalized Christianity.

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Edict of Thessalonica

Declared Nicene Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire.

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English Civil War

Series of political and religious conflicts in 17th century England.

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English Reformation

Events in 16th century England where the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

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Leo the Great

Pope who asserted papal authority and met with Attila the Hun.

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Libido Dominandi

A philosophical term referring to the insatiable desire for power or domination.

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Magisterial Reformation

Protestant movement that sought to reform the church with the support of secular rulers.

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Pentateuch

The first five books of the Hebrew Bible.

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Prima sedes a nemine judicatur

The principle that the first see (Rome) is judged by no one.

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Sophists

Group of thinkers known for rhetoric and argumentation.

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Summum bonum

The ultimate good.

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Summa theologiae

Comprehensive summary of theology written by Thomas Aquinas.

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Thomas Müntzer

Radical reformer during the Reformation.

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Torah

The first five books of the Hebrew Bible, also known as the Pentateuch.

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Trajan

Roman emperor known for his correspondence with Pliny the Younger regarding Christians.

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Gregory the Great

Pope who emphasized papal authority and the importance of missionary work.

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Investiture Controversy

The struggle for control over church offices during the Middle Ages.

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Political Theology

The study of theological concepts within a political context; the ways that theological ideas intersect with and influence political thought and action.

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Aquinas

A philosopher and theologian who integrated Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology.

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Augustine

Early Christian theologian and philosopher whose writings influenced the development of Western Christianity and philosophy.

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Charlemagne

King of the Franks who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

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Hobbes

Author of Leviathan who advocated for a social contract and absolute sovereignty.

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Study Notes

  • Apologetics: Defense of the Christian faith through reasoned arguments.
  • Aquinas: Influential philosopher and theologian synthesizing Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology.
  • Augustine: Early Christian theologian and philosopher known for writings on grace, sin, and the nature of God.
  • Biblical Hermeneutics: Study of the principles and methods of interpreting the Bible.
  • Biblical Literalism: Interpreting the Bible based on the plain meaning of words.
  • Civitas Dei: Latin for "City of God," concept in Christian theology referring to the spiritual city ruled by God, in contrast to the earthly city.
  • Charlemagne: Medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe and promoted Christianity.
  • Christendom: The worldwide body or society of Christians.
  • Christos: Greek word for "anointed one," referring to Jesus as the Messiah.
  • Constantine: Roman emperor who legalized Christianity and played a significant role in its spread.
  • Donation of Constantine: Forged Roman imperial decree by which Emperor Constantine I supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope
  • Duo sunt: Latin for "there are two," referring to the dual authority of church and state.
  • Edict of Milan: Proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire
  • Edict of Thessalonica: Issued in 380 CE, made Nicene Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire.
  • English Civil War: Series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists.
  • English Reformation: Series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
  • Gregory the Great: Pope who promoted the Gregorian Chant and asserted papal authority.
  • Harry Frankfurt: 20th century philosopher.
  • Henry VIII: King of England who broke with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
  • Hobbes: Philosopher known for his work on political philosophy, including the concept of the social contract.
  • Historical Criticism: Analyzing the Bible in its historical and cultural context.
  • Investiture Controversy: A conflict in the 11th and 12th centuries between the Church and the Holy Roman Empire over the ability to appoint local church officials.
  • Justin Martyr: Early Christian apologist who defended Christianity against pagan criticisms.
  • Leo the Great: Pope who asserted papal authority and played a significant role in shaping early Christian doctrine.
  • Letter to Diognetus: Early Christian apologetic work that explains Christian beliefs and practices to a non-Christian audience.
  • Leviathan: Work of political philosophy by Thomas Hobbes.
  • Libido Dominandi: Latin phrase meaning "lust for power," which Augustine used to describe the root of sin.
  • Magisterial Reformation: Reformation supported by the ruling authorities.
  • Pentateuch: The first five books of the Hebrew Bible.
  • Pliny: Roman author, administrator, and natural philosopher.
  • Prima sedes a nemine judicatur: Latin phrase meaning "the first see is judged by no one," referring to the authority of the Pope.
  • Sophists: Ancient Greek teachers who emphasized rhetoric and argumentation.
  • Summum bonum: Latin phrase meaning "the highest good," which philosophers have sought to identify as the ultimate goal of human life.
  • Summa theologiae: Comprehensive summary of theology written by Thomas Aquinas.
  • Tertullian: Early Christian author who defended Christianity against heresy.
  • Thomas Müntzer: Early Reformation-era German theologian.
  • Torah: The first five books of the Hebrew Bible.
  • Trajan: Roman emperor.

Short Answer Questions

  • Biblical Passages and Political Vision: Consider how biblical passages outline a political vision.
  • Constantine's Contribution: Explain how Constantine contributed to the rise of Christendom.
  • Aquinas on Government: Understand Aquinas' views on the best and worst forms of government, and the reasoning behind them.
  • Luther's "Two Kingdoms" Model: Describe Luther's "Two Kingdoms" model.
  • Hobbes on the State of Nature: Explain how Hobbes describes the "state of nature" and the role of government in response.

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RELI 333 Political Theology Exam Review Guide

Description

Explore Apologetics, Aquinas, Augustine, and Biblical Hermeneutics. Understand Civitas Dei, Charlemagne, Christendom, and Christos. Learn about Constantine and the Donation of Constantine.

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