Chordates and Vertebrates Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a major characteristic of all chordates?

  • Notochord
  • Pharyngeal gill slits
  • Dorsal hollow nerve cord (DHNC)
  • Skull (correct)

Which characteristic is NOT common to all vertebrates?

  • Lateral line (correct)
  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • Pharyngeal gill slits

Gill slits function in _______.

  • Both respiration AND food trapping (correct)
  • Circulation only
  • Food trapping only
  • Respiration only

The most primitive vertebrates in this group are ______.

<p>Jawless fish (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All are specializations seen in Chondrichthyes EXCEPT:

<p>Amniotic egg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The only amphibians to entirely escape dependence on aquatic habitats are _____.

<p>None is correct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A special feature of the bones of a bird is that:

<p>They are filled with air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The major reason birds migrate is:

<p>Their feeding grounds are depleted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT used to identify a whale as a Grey whale?

<p>Pronounced dorsal fin (B), Small fluke (C), Canine-like teeth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Grey whales is true?

<p>They have the heaviest parasite load of all whales. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do feathers serve in birds?

<p>All are correct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mouth do larger whales of the order Mysticetes have?

<p>Baleen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological adaptation is NOT seen in the California sea otter for diving?

<p>Ability to hold breath for over an hour (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Grey whales have thick blubber for which of the following reasons?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species is NOT typically preyed upon by California sea otters?

<p>All are eaten by sea otters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is characterized by having highly efficient circulatory systems and complex nervous systems?

<p>Birds and mammals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During larval development, torsion occurs in which type of mollusk?

<p>snail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cephalization in earthworms primarily aids in which function?

<p>burrowing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soil ingested by an earthworm is ground up in which part of its anatomy?

<p>gizzard (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure links the major blood vessels near the anterior of an earthworm?

<p>aortic arches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In earthworms, gas exchange primarily occurs through which surface?

<p>skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the entire Phylum Annelida?

<p>segmented body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fertilization in which type of mollusk occurs externally?

<p>clams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the clitellum in earthworms is to produce which substance?

<p>mucus sheath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the larval development of which type of mollusk does torsion occur?

<p>Snail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adaptation associated with cephalization in earthworms?

<p>Burrowing efficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the earthworm is responsible for grinding up ingested soil?

<p>Gizzard (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure links the major blood vessels in the anterior part of the earthworm?

<p>Aortic arches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does gas exchange primarily take place in earthworms?

<p>Skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of the entire Phylum Annelida?

<p>Segmented body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of mollusk does external fertilization occur?

<p>Clams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the clitellum in earthworms?

<p>Produce a mucus sheath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is unique to fungi cell walls compared to those of bacteria and plants?

<p>Chitin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for producing sporangiospores?

<p>Sporangiophore (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a common fungal infection in humans?

<p>Tinea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to fungi, algae are classified mainly based on:

<p>Colors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical goal of treatments aimed at fungal infections?

<p>To keep the affected region moist and warm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about fungi and saprobic organisms is true?

<p>While all fungi are saprophytic, not all saprobic organisms are fungi. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses primarily consist of which two components?

<p>DNA or RNA core and a protein coat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best defines a slime mold's life cycle?

<p>They form a multicellular organism as a part of their life cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of bacterial reproduction, which process is predominantly used?

<p>Binary fission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are classified as obligate aerobes?

<p>Bacteria that require oxygen to survive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the plasmid in bacteria?

<p>A separate segment of DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Euglenoids are primarily known for which type of nutritional strategy?

<p>Photoautotrophic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with algin production?

<p>Green algae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for Macrocystis?

<p>giant kelp (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrocystis is best classified into which group?

<p>Phaeophyta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic used to organize protozoans?

<p>motility of the trophozoite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is used to classify algae?

<p>color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is NOT a part of mitosis?

<p>interphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process primarily facilitates reproduction in prokaryotes?

<p>fission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A somatic cell with two of each type of chromosome is said to have a _____ chromosome number.

<p>diploid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic material of eukaryotes organized into?

<p>chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chromosomes, the constricted region that serves as an attachment site for microtubules is called

<p>centromere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from DNA synthesis during the cell cycle?

<p>two chromatids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do chromosomes separate to opposite poles of the cell?

<p>anaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements best describes homologous chromosomes?

<p>carry the same genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during gametogenesis in female mammals?

<p>one functional ovum and three polar bodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During anaphase II, which structure separates?

<p>sister chromatids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis results in the production of how many nuclei?

<p>four nuclei (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of catalysts in chemical reactions?

<p>They lower the activation energy of the reaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about enzymes is false?

<p>All enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of allosteric enzymes?

<p>They regulate metabolic pathways by changing their activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the function of activation energy in a chemical reaction?

<p>It is the energy needed to initiate the reaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of thermodynamics, what does the first law state?

<p>Energy cannot be created or destroyed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true of enzyme-substrate interactions?

<p>Enzymes can bind multiple substrates simultaneously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a substance that is oxidized during a reaction?

<p>It loses electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ATP is accurate regarding its outer phosphate bond?

<p>It releases energy when the bond is broken. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is related to the second law of thermodynamics?

<p>Systems will tend to move towards greater disorder or entropy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reaction rate of an enzyme can be influenced by which type of chemical?

<p>Allosteric activator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of stomata in plant leaves?

<p>Allowing carbon dioxide to enter the leaf (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the lengthening of roots and shoots in plants?

<p>Apical meristems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components are primarily found in mesophyll tissue?

<p>Photosynthetic cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the root system of monocot grasses?

<p>Fibrous roots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process produces the growth rings observed in a woody stem?

<p>Vascular cambium producing new xylem growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct pairing of water and ion conduction with food conduction in plants?

<p>Xylem; phloem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the petals of a plant occur in multiples of five, this plant is likely a ______.

<p>Dicot (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dominant generation in vascular plants is the ______.

<p>Sporophyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A seed can be defined as a ______.

<p>Mature ovule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased turgor pressure due to K+ ion influx results in ______.

<p>Opening the stomata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of root hairs is ______.

<p>Absorption of water and minerals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of growth results in the lengthening of roots and stems?

<p>Primary growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taproots are characterized by ______.

<p>Reaching deep into the soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many NADH molecules are produced from two cycles of the Kreb's cycle?

<p>6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final acceptor of electrons in alcoholic fermentation?

<p>Acetaldehyde (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is primarily broken in glucose during aerobic respiration?

<p>Covalent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which compartment does glycolysis occur?

<p>Cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Kreb's cycle is correct?

<p>One glucose leads to two turns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of fermentation?

<p>More than one of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which pathway do substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

<p>Glycolysis (A), Kreb's Cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes does NOT produce ATP?

<p>Oxidation of pyruvate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced in the electron transport system?

<p>Water and 32-34 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT occur during glycolysis?

<p>Formation of FADH2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxygen play in aerobic respiration?

<p>Final electron acceptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pyruvate molecules enter glycolysis for each glucose molecule?

<p>Two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for cellular processes?

<p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Kreb's cycle is FALSE?

<p>It yields more ATP than glycolysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of enzymes?

<p>They decrease activation energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a body plan where parts cannot be divided into corresponding sections?

<p>asymmetrical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is known to produce both sperm and eggs?

<p>monoecious organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the special stinging cells found in cnidarians?

<p>nematocysts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the gizzard in insects like butterflies?

<p>to shred food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics would NOT be true for sea anemones?

<p>typical adults are small compared to hydra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chordate defining features

A notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a post-anal tail are shared by all chordates at some point in their development.

Vertebrate defining features

Vertebrates are distinguished by having a vertebral column, skull, and a well-developed brain, along with other features like a closed circulatory system and a muscular system.

What do gill slits do?

Gill slits in chordates serve a dual function: respiration and food trapping.

Most primitive vertebrates

Jawless fish, such as lampreys and hagfish, are considered the most primitive among vertebrates.

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Cartilaginous fish specializations

Members of C. Chondrichtyes (cartilaginous fish) exhibit specializations like respiration, pectoral fins, and sinuous movement. They do not have an amniotic egg.

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Amphibian reproduction

Amphibians are not fully liberated from dependence on water for reproduction.

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Reptile reproduction

Reptiles are fully independent of water for reproduction due to adaptations like internal fertilization, amniotic eggs, and tough skin.

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Bird bone structure

Bird bones are light because they are filled with air, contributing to their ability to fly.

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Vertebrate Groups

The major groups of vertebrates include amphibians, bony fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals, each with unique characteristics.

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Bird Adaptations

Birds utilize feathers for various purposes like flight, thermal regulation (maintaining body temperature), and communication (courtship displays).

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Mammal Reproduction

Mammals have diverse reproductive strategies: some lay eggs (monotremes), others develop embryos in a pouch (marsupials), and most give birth to live young (placental mammals).

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Cetaceans

Cetaceans are a group of aquatic mammals that includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises, adapted for life in the ocean.

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Baleen Whales

Baleen whales, like humpback and blue whales, have baleen plates in their mouths instead of teeth to filter krill and small fish.

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Grey Whale Features

Grey whales are identified by their unique 'knuckles' on their backs, which are rough patches formed from barnacles.

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Blubber

Blubber is a thick layer of fat found in marine mammals that serves as insulation, energy storage, and buoyancy.

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California Sea Otter Adaptations

Sea otters have the densest fur in the world, which traps a layer of air for insulation and buoyancy, allowing them to dive deep for food.

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Torsion in Mollusks

Torsion is a developmental process in gastropods (snails) where the visceral mass twists 180 degrees, resulting in a characteristic asymmetrical body plan.

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Cephalization in Earthworms

Cephalization in earthworms is an adaptation for burrowing. The concentration of sensory organs and nerve tissue at the anterior end allows for better detection of food and environmental cues.

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Earthworm Gizzard

The gizzard is a muscular organ in earthworms that grinds up ingested soil, breaking down food particles.

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Aortic Arches in Earthworms

Aortic arches are a series of interconnected blood vessels that link the major vessels near the anterior of the earthworm, ensuring efficient blood circulation.

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Earthworm Respiration

Earthworms breathe through their skin, absorbing oxygen directly from the environment.

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Phylum Annelida Defining Feature

The defining feature of the phylum Annelida is a segmented body. This allows for specialized functions in each segment and provides flexibility.

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External Fertilization in Mollusks

External fertilization occurs in clams, where the eggs and sperm are released into the water for fertilization.

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Clitellum Function in Earthworms

The clitellum secretes a mucus sheath during reproduction, which helps hold the worms together and provides a protective environment for eggs.

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Torsion in Snails

A developmental process in snails where the visceral mass rotates 180 degrees, resulting in an asymmetrical body plan.

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External Fertilization in Clams

Fertilization in clams occurs externally, where eggs and sperm are released into the water.

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Cofactors

Non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in carrying out their function.

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Metal ions

A type of cofactor that can be inorganic, such as iron or magnesium.

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Allosteric inhibitors

Molecules that bind to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, changing the enzyme's shape and reducing its activity.

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Allosteric activators

Molecules that bind to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, changing the enzyme's shape and increasing its activity.

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Electron transport systems

Metabolic pathways that involve a series of electron carriers, transferring electrons from one molecule to another, releasing energy in the process.

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Activation energy

The minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

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Enzymes and pH

Enzymes have an optimal pH at which they work best. Changing the pH can alter their structure and reduce their activity.

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Catalysts and activation energy

Catalysts, including enzymes, lower the activation energy of a reaction, making it easier to start and occur.

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First law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

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Second law of thermodynamics

Entropy, or disorder, tends to increase in a closed system. Order can only be maintained with energy input.

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Stomata Function

Stomata are tiny pores on leaves that allow carbon dioxide to enter for photosynthesis and oxygen to exit.

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Apical Meristems

Apical meristems are regions of actively dividing cells at the tips of roots and shoots responsible for primary growth, lengthening the plant.

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Mesophyll

Mesophyll is the tissue inside a leaf where photosynthesis takes place. It's composed of photosynthetic cells.

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Fibrous Roots

Fibrous roots are a network of thin roots that spread out in a shallow layer, typically found in monocot plants like grasses.

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Growth Rings

Growth rings in woody tree stems are formed due to the vascular cambium producing new xylem cells each year.

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Xylem and Phloem

Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots up, while phloem carries food (sugars) produced by photosynthesis.

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Dicot vs. Monocot

Dicots are a type of flowering plant with two cotyledons (seed leaves) and netlike veins in their leaves, while monocots have one cotyledon and parallel veins.

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Fern Frond

A fern's frond is its main leaf-like structure, which is responsible for photosynthesis.

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Dominant Generation in Vascular Plants

In vascular plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant, meaning it is the larger, more noticeable phase of the plant's life cycle.

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Net Venation

Net venation is a pattern of leaf veins branching out like a network, characteristic of dicots.

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Cotyledon in Seeds

Cotyledons are the seed leaves that provide food for the developing embryo in a seed.

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Archegonium

An archegonium is a structure in some plants that contains the egg cell, which is essential for fertilization.

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Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Both gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants) have vascular tissues and diploid dominance, but they differ in their reproductive structures and spore types.

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Seed

A seed is a mature ovule, containing an embryo, stored food, and a protective seed coat.

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Turgor Pressure and Stomata Opening

Increased potassium ion (K+) concentration inside guard cells increases turgor pressure (water pressure), causing the stomata to open.

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Kreb's Cycle Products

Two turns of the Kreb's cycle produce six NADH molecules.

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Fermentation Products

Fermentation reactions produce more than one end product, including ethanol and lactic acid.

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Fermentation's Purpose

Fermentation pathways regenerate NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.

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Bond Broken in Respiration

A covalent bond in glucose is broken during aerobic respiration to extract energy.

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Final Electron Acceptor in Alcoholic Fermentation

Acetaldehyde acts as the final electron acceptor in alcoholic fermentation.

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Final Electron Acceptor in Aerobic Respiration

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

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Glycolysis: What Doesn't Form?

FADH2 is not formed during glycolysis.

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Glycolysis Location

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

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Aerobic Respiration Completion Location

The pathway of aerobic respiration is completed in the mitochondrion.

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Chemiosmosis Location

Chemiosmosis, the process of ATP production, takes place in the electron transport system.

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Kreb's Cycle Turns

The Kreb's cycle makes two turns for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis.

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NADH Formation in Glycolysis

Two NADH molecules are formed for each glucose molecule entering glycolysis.

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Locations of Oxidation of Pyruvate, Kreb's Cycle, and Electron Transport System

All three stages (oxidation of pyruvate, Kreb's cycle, and electron transport system) occur within the mitochondrion.

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Kreb's Cycle Products: FADH2 and NADH

Two FADH2 and six NADH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule entering glycolysis.

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ATP Formation by Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

More than one stage of cellular respiration produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.

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Giant Kelp

A large brown algae that forms underwater forests in coastal waters, providing habitat for many marine organisms.

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Phaeophyta

The division (or phylum) of algae that includes brown algae, such as giant kelp.

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Protozoan Organization Factor

Motility of the trophozoite, the active feeding stage of protozoans, is the primary characteristic used for classification.

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Algae Organization Factor

The color of algae is the main characteristic used for classification.

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Interphase

The stage in the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division.

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Fission

The primary mode of reproduction in prokaryotes, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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Diploid Cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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Chromosomes

The organized structures that contain the genetic material (DNA) of eukaryotes.

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Centromere

A constricted region on a chromosome where microtubules attach during cell division.

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Chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere.

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S Period

The stage of interphase when DNA replication occurs.

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Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.

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Animal Cell Division

Animal cells use centrioles and spindle fibers to organize and separate chromosomes during cell division.

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Mitosis Function

Mitosis contributes to growth, tissue repair, and sometimes asexual reproduction in multicellular eukaryotes.

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Diploid Chromosome Number

The number of chromosomes present in a diploid cell, where each chromosome has a homologous partner.

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Fungal cell wall

The main component of the fungal cell wall is chitin, a complex carbohydrate. This is different from the cell walls of bacteria (peptidoglycan) and plants (cellulose).

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Sporangiophore

A sporangiophore is a stalk-like structure that bears a sporangium.

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Tinea

'Tinea' is a term used to describe fungal infections of the skin, including athlete's foot, ringworm, and jock itch.

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Fungi and Algae: Classification

Fungi are not classified based on their color, unlike algae, which are classified based on their pigments.

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Fungal disease treatment

Treatments for fungal diseases usually involve keeping the affected area dry and cool, as fungi thrive in moist and warm environments.

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Saprophytic fungi

Saprophytic fungi obtain nutrients from dead organic matter, playing a crucial role in decomposition. While all saprophytic organisms break down dead organisms, not all saprophytic organisms are fungi.

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Mushroom photosynthesis

Mushrooms do not perform photosynthesis because they are heterotrophic. They obtain nutrients from decomposing organic matter.

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Mitochondria in prokaryotes

Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotes, but not in prokaryotes. They are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.

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Gram stain

The Gram stain differentiates bacteria based on the composition of their cell wall.

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Chemoautotrophic Bacteria

Chemoautotrophic bacteria obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, such as methane, hydrogen sulfide, or ammonia.

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Virus components: Capsule

Viruses do not have a capsule. Although some viruses have an envelope, a membrane-like structure surrounding the capsid, which is a protein coat.

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Virus: Prokaryotic

Viruses are not prokaryotic. They are non-living infectious particles that lack a cellular structure, including a nucleus.

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Archaebacterial habitat

Archaebacteria, often found in extreme environments, can be found in places like the bottom of swamps.

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Bacterial plasmid

The bacterial plasmid is a small, circular DNA molecule that is separate from the main chromosome.

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Pilus function in bacteria

The pilus is a hair-like appendage in bacteria, primarily used for reproduction. They can also be used for attachment or for transferring genetic material.

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What is a vascular cylinder?

The vascular cylinder consists of xylem (water transport), phloem (food transport), and specialized meristematic cells responsible for growth.

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Where does stem diameter growth occur?

The vascular cambium, a layer of meristematic cells, is responsible for increasing the stem's diameter.

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Conifer locations

Conifers are predominantly found in the north temperate zones, where they thrive in cooler climates.

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Herbaceous stem support

Herbaceous stems lack woody xylem, instead relying on internal pressure from water to maintain their upright structure.

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What is the key feature of Phylum Annelida?

The defining characteristic of annelids (like earthworms) is a segmented body. This allows for specialized functions in each segment and provides flexibility.

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What is a coelom?

A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that lies between the gut and body wall in many animals. It provides space for organs, facilitates movement, and supports the body.

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What is cephalization?

Cephalization is the concentration of sensory organs at the anterior end of an organism. This allows for better detection of food, predators, and potential mates.

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What is torsion in mollusks?

Torsion is a developmental process in gastropods (snails) where the visceral mass twists 180 degrees, resulting in a characteristic asymmetrical body plan.

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What is external fertilization?

External fertilization involves the release of eggs and sperm into the environment, where fertilization takes place outside the body.

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What are the defining features of chordates?

All chordates have a notochord (flexible rod for support), a dorsal hollow nerve cord (for communication), pharyngeal gill slits (for breathing and filtering), and a post-anal tail (for propulsion) at some point in development.

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What are the defining features of vertebrates?

Vertebrates are characterized by a vertebral column, skull, and a well-developed brain. They also possess a closed circulatory system and a muscular system for enhanced movement and control.

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What are some adaptations of marine mammals?

Marine mammals have evolved unique features such as blubber for insulation and buoyancy, streamlined bodies for efficient swimming, and some even have baleen plates in their mouths for filter-feeding.

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What is a gizzard?

A gizzard is a muscular organ found in earthworms and some birds. It grinds up ingested soil and food particles, aiding digestion.

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Study Notes

Chordate Characteristics

  • Chordates possess a notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and a post-anal tail.
  • Skull is not a universal chordate characteristic, but it is a characteristic of vertebrates.

Vertebrate Characteristics

  • Vertebrates have a vertebral column.
  • Lateral line, not universal to all vertebrates. A skull is a common feature.
  • Pharyngeal gill slits are present in some life stages of all vertebrates, even if they don't function in respiration.

Gill Slits Function

  • Gill slits serve dual purposes: respiration and food trapping.

Primitive Vertebrates

  • Jawless fish are the most primitive vertebrates in the group.

Chondrichthyes Specializations

  • The amniotic egg is a characteristic NOT of Chondrichthyes, but of amniotes.
  • Respiration, pectoral fins, and sinuous movement are characteristics of Chondrichthyes.

Amphibian Independence

  • No amphibian species fully escapes dependence on aquatic habitats for reproduction.

Reptile Independence from Water

  • Reptiles have adaptations that promote independence from water in reproduction, including internal fertilization and amniotic eggs. Tough skin additionally helps them to avoid water.
  • Multiple characteristics contribute to reptiles' independence.

Bird Skeletal Adaptations

  • Bird bones are hollow, filled with air, making them light. This is crucial for flight.

Bird Heart Chambers

  • Oxygenated blood is found in the left auricle and left ventricle of a bird's heart.

Bird Migration

  • Bird migration is driven by the depletion of feeding grounds, not primarily by temperature or daylight hours.

Mammalian Skeleton Modifications

  • Some mammal skeletons are adapted for high speeds (e.g., over 70 mph).

Mammalian Intelligence

  • Mammals possess a well-developed cerebral cortex, contributing to their exceptional learning and memory abilities.

Four-Chambered Heart

  • Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart.

Efficient Systems in Birds and Mammals

  • Birds and mammals have highly efficient circulatory systems, complex nervous systems, and advanced sensory organs.

Bird Feather Functions

  • Feathers serve multiple functions, including heat conservation, social signaling, and flight.

Mammalian Reproduction

  • Mammals reproduce in a variety of ways, including embryonic development within the uterus or pouches.

Cetacea (Whale) Classification

  • Sharks are not cetaceans. Whales, porpoises, and dolphins are cetaceans.

Whale Mouth Types

  • Baleen whales (Mysticeti) have baleen plates in their mouths.

Grey Whale Identification

  • Grey whale identification relies on the distinctive "knuckles" on their backs.

Grey Whale Blubber

  • Blubber in grey whales serves multiple purposes: energy storage, insulation, and energy reserves.

Grey Whale Parasite Load

  • Grey whales' slow swimming style may contribute to their high parasite load.

California Sea Otter Prey

  • Crabs, mussels, sea urchins, and sea stars are prey items for California sea otters.

California Sea Otter Fur

  • The thick fur of California sea otters provides insulation and buoyancy.

Sea Otter Diving Adaptations

  • The flexibility of ribs and large lungs aid sea otters with diving despite pressure. Blood buffering capacity is also crucial.

Mollusk Torsion

  • Torsion, a twisting process, occurs during larval development of snails.

Earthworm Cephalization

  • Earthworms' cephalization (developing a head region) is an adaptation for burrowing.

Earthworm Food Processing

  • Soil ingested by earthworms is ground up in the gizzard.

Earthworm Circulation

  • Major blood vessels near the anterior of the earthworm are linked by aortic arches.

Earthworm Gas Exchange

  • Gas exchange in earthworms occurs through their skin.

Annelida Characteristic

  • A segmented body is a characteristic of all annelids.

Mollusk Fertilization

  • Clam fertilization is external.

Earthworm Clitellum

  • The clitellum of an earthworm produces a mucus sheath for reproduction.

Earthworm Seminal Receptacle

  • The seminal receptacle of an earthworm is involved in reproduction.

Echinoderm Habitat

  • All echinoderms are marine.

Echinoderm Support

  • The water vascular system allows sea stars to be both rigid and flexible. Tube feet are extended when the ampulla fills with water.

Sea Star Nervous System

  • Sea stars have a nerve net without a brain.

Sea Star Digestion

  • Sea stars do not chew their food and employ an eversible stomach.

Echinoderm Reproduction

  • Echinoderm reproduction can include epidemic spawning events.

Echinoderm Characteristics

  • Echinoderms possess radial symmetry, spiny skin, and are not parasitic.

Insect Excretory System

  • Malpighian tubules are part of an insect's excretory system.

Insect Food Processing

  • A butterfly's gizzard is used to shred food.

Insect Characteristic

  • All insects possess one pair of antennae.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FROM QUIZZES

  • Mollusk Torsion: Torsion occurs during larval development in snails.
  • Earthworm Cephalization: Cephalization in earthworms is an adaptation for burrowing.
  • Earthworm Gizzard: Soil ingested is ground up in the earthworm's gizzard.
  • Earthworm Circulation: Aortic arches connect major blood vessels near the anterior.
  • Earthworm Gas Exchange: Gas exchange occurs through the skin.
  • Annelida Characteristic: Segmented bodies are common in all annelids.
  • Mollusk Fertilization: Clam fertilization is external.
  • Earthworm Clitellum: The clitellum creates a mucus sheath for reproduction.
  • Earthworm Seminal Receptacle: Involved in reproduction.
  • Echinoderm Habitat: All echinoderms are marine.
  • Echinoderm Water Vascular System: Enables both rigidity and flexibility in sea stars. Tube feet extend when the ampulla fills with water.
  • Sea Star Nervous System: Sea stars have a nerve net, no brain.
  • Sea Star Digestion: They do not chew, using an eversible stomach.
  • Echinoderm Reproduction: Sometimes involve epidemic spawning events.
  • Insect Excretory System: Malpighian tubules function in excretion.

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Description

Explore the fundamental characteristics that define chordates and vertebrates in this quiz. Learn about unique features such as the notochord, gill slits, and the differences between various vertebrate classes. Test your knowledge on the evolutionary traits that have shaped these important groups in the animal kingdom.

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