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Questions and Answers
What class do the sharks, rays, and skates belong to?
What class do the sharks, rays, and skates belong to?
Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes have one of the biggest vertebrates. What animal is it?
Chondrichthyes have one of the biggest vertebrates. What animal is it?
Whale shark
What do whale sharks eat?
What do whale sharks eat?
Planktons
What super class do sharks, skates, and rays belong to?
What super class do sharks, skates, and rays belong to?
Why can't sharks maneuver easily?
Why can't sharks maneuver easily?
What kind of scales do Chondrichthyes have?
What kind of scales do Chondrichthyes have?
All sharks can detect electric fields with their electroreceptors. What is the electroreceptor called?
All sharks can detect electric fields with their electroreceptors. What is the electroreceptor called?
Sharks have good vision up close.
Sharks have good vision up close.
What does the electrosensor allow the shark to do?
What does the electrosensor allow the shark to do?
What do Chondrichthyans use to detect prey?
What do Chondrichthyans use to detect prey?
What can be used in sharks to find their mate?
What can be used in sharks to find their mate?
How do sharks respirate?
How do sharks respirate?
What muscles are used for buccal pumping?
What muscles are used for buccal pumping?
Explain buccal pumping.
Explain buccal pumping.
Explain the function of the enlarged spiracle.
Explain the function of the enlarged spiracle.
What is it called when a shark keeps swimming to push extra oxygen over its gills?
What is it called when a shark keeps swimming to push extra oxygen over its gills?
With what do sharks force water over their gills?
With what do sharks force water over their gills?
What do sharks use to keep afloat?
What do sharks use to keep afloat?
All uterine secretions come from what?
All uterine secretions come from what?
What works together to secrete NaCl solution and regulate ions?
What works together to secrete NaCl solution and regulate ions?
What is the name of the kidney of the sharks?
What is the name of the kidney of the sharks?
What is the name of the waste secreted by opisthonephric kidney?
What is the name of the waste secreted by opisthonephric kidney?
Spermatophores go through where in the claspers?
Spermatophores go through where in the claspers?
What fertilizes the eggs in the shark?
What fertilizes the eggs in the shark?
How do sharks reproduce?
How do sharks reproduce?
How big can the shark's egg get?
How big can the shark's egg get?
How long do the eggs take to hatch?
How long do the eggs take to hatch?
How long do sharks take to reach sexual maturity?
How long do sharks take to reach sexual maturity?
When sexes congregate to mate, what is it called?
When sexes congregate to mate, what is it called?
Why do females have thicker skin?
Why do females have thicker skin?
What ovary in the shark is more developed?
What ovary in the shark is more developed?
What are the claspers made of?
What are the claspers made of?
What testes is more developed?
What testes is more developed?
Sharks that lay yolky eggs in thick capsules usually attach to what?
Sharks that lay yolky eggs in thick capsules usually attach to what?
Embryos nourished via placenta or uterine secretion, 2-20 pups. Parental care ends after birth. What is this called?
Embryos nourished via placenta or uterine secretion, 2-20 pups. Parental care ends after birth. What is this called?
Most common. Eggs develop and hatch in uterus. Retain developing young in uterus. Less pups. Yolk sac - no direct nourishment from mom. Young may eat other eggs. What is this called?
Most common. Eggs develop and hatch in uterus. Retain developing young in uterus. Less pups. Yolk sac - no direct nourishment from mom. Young may eat other eggs. What is this called?
What is it called when animals eat each other in the stomach?
What is it called when animals eat each other in the stomach?
Why is it important for the placoid cells to have blood running to them?
Why is it important for the placoid cells to have blood running to them?
Is the coating sort of what we have in our teeth around the placoid cell?
Is the coating sort of what we have in our teeth around the placoid cell?
What are the two chambers of the sharks called?
What are the two chambers of the sharks called?
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Study Notes
Classification
- Sharks, rays, and skates belong to the class Chondrichthyes.
- The largest vertebrate is the whale shark.
Dietary Habits
- Whale sharks primarily feed on plankton.
Anatomy and Sensory Systems
- Sharks, skates, and rays fall under the superclass Gnathostomata.
- Heterocercal tails hinder sharks' maneuverability.
- Chondrichthyes possess placoid scales.
- They detect electric fields using electroreceptors, specifically the ampullae of Lorenzini.
- Sharks can locate prey using the ampullae of Lorenzini and have good close-up vision.
Respiratory Mechanisms
- Sharks breathe using a method called buccal pumping, involving the cheek muscles to pull water in over the gills.
- Enlarged spiracles assist in pulling water, which exits through the gill slits.
- Continuous swimming aids respiration through ram ventilation facilitated by the mouth and nostril.
Buoyancy and Excretion
- To maintain buoyancy, sharks utilize squalene.
- Waste is expelled through the cloaca.
- The kidney and rectal gland work together to regulate ions and secrete NaCl solutions.
Reproductive Systems
- Sharks possess opisthonephric kidneys which excrete urea.
- Spermatophores fertilize shark eggs via a groove in the claspers.
- Reproduction occurs through internal fertilization into the cloaca, sometimes involving hooks and spurs for attachment.
Egg Development and Maturity
- Shark eggs vary in size and hatching time, taking a long duration to reach sexual maturity.
- Sharks form mating circles when sexes congregate to mate.
- Males bite females during mating, leading to thicker skin on female sharks.
Developmental Biology
- The right ovary and right testis are more developed in sharks.
- Oviparous species lay yolky eggs in thick capsules; embryos may be nourished in the uterus, leading to viviparous and ovoviviparous reproductive strategies.
- Intrauterine cannibalism describes when developing young eat each other in the womb.
Dentition and Digestion
- Placoid cells with blood supply create hard enamel, while a coating called dentine is akin to human teeth.
- Sharks possess two heart chambers: the atrium and ventricle.
- Digestive processes involve complex mechanisms, though specific details were not provided.
These notes condense information on sharks, skates, and rays focusing on biological classification, sensory and respiratory systems, reproductive strategies, and anatomical features.
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