36 Questions
What is the central role that beta-amyloid appears to play in Alzheimer's disease?
Accumulating early in the disease process
What is the prominent feature of AD that results from the disruption of the orderly arrangement of microtubules inside neurons?
Neurofibrillary tangles
What is the main role of apolipoprotein E4 in Alzheimer's disease?
Playing a role in cholesterol transport
What is a risk factor associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease?
Nicotine in cigarette smoke
Which drug blocks neuronal receptors for n-methyl d-aspartate and is approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia?
Memantine
What is the goal of Alzheimer's disease treatment?
To improve memory and cognition
What is a symptom experienced by patients with early-stage Alzheimer's disease?
Sundowning
What is the effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on mild to moderate AD?
They have modest and short-lasting improvements
What is the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease according to the text?
Unknown underlying cause
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Alzheimer's disease as mentioned in the text?
Enhanced vision
What role does the hippocampus play in Alzheimer's disease according to the text?
Critical for forming memories
What is the significance of the decline in acetylcholine levels in patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease as mentioned in the text?
It is a critical transmitter in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex
Which part of the brain experiences neuronal degeneration early in Alzheimer's disease, leading to short-term memory failure?
Hippocampus
What is the estimated number of Americans affected by Alzheimer's disease according to the text?
More than 5.5 million
Which neurotransmitter level is significantly below normal in patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease?
Acetylcholine
What happens when cortical neurons degenerate in patients with Alzheimer's disease according to the text?
Difficulty with reasoning
What is the reason for avoiding first generation antihistamines, tricyclic anti-depressants, and conventional anti-psychotics when using cholinesterase inhibitors?
They can reduce an individual's responses to cholinesterase inhibitors
What is the similarity between Rivastigmine and Galantamine?
Both cause irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
What is the main benefit of Memantine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease?
It slows the decline in cognitive function
Why is dosage adjustment required for patients with creatinine clearance of less than 30 mL/min when using Memantine?
To prevent decreased renal excretion causing increased levels
What is the purpose of conducting post-approval studies (Phase 4 confirmatory trials) for the drug aducanumab?
To verify the drug’s clinical benefit
What percentage of people with AD experience neuropsychiatric symptoms?
More than 80%
What distinguishes drugs for localized muscle spasms from those for spasticity?
Their effect on muscle tone
Which drug acts directly on the skeletal muscle to suppress the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Dantrolene
Which centrally acting muscle relaxant is contraindicated with MAOIs, SSRIs, SNRIs, and tricyclic antidepressants?
Cyclobenzaprine
Which drug acts in the central nervous system and mimics the action of GABA?
Diazepam
What is the main adverse side effect of diazepam?
Sedation
Which drug is used to treat malignant hyperthermia and has a black box warning for hepatic toxicity?
Dantrolene
What is a potential adverse effect of methocarbamol that affects urine color?
Black urine
Which muscle relaxant is considered the least sedating out of the given group?
Metaxalone
Which muscle relaxant can be hazardous to patients predisposed to intermittent porphyria?
Carisoprodol
What adverse effect can be caused by chlorzoxazone related to urine color?
Orange urine
Which muscle relaxant can cause hypotension and hallucinations as potential adverse effects?
Tizanidine
What is the primary belief regarding the mechanism of action for most centrally acting muscle relaxants?
Sedative properties
Which muscle relaxant is particularly associated with hepatic toxicity as an adverse effect?
Carisoprodol
What is a potential adverse effect common to all centrally acting muscle relaxants mentioned in the text?
CNS depression
Test your knowledge on the adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors, including gastrointestinal effects, dizziness, headache, bronchoconstriction, and bradycardia. Learn about the medications that can potentially reduce the effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and the importance of carefully titrating the dosage.
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