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What is the main difference between the activation of muscarinic and the activation of nicotinic receptors?
What is the main difference between the activation of muscarinic and the activation of nicotinic receptors?
What is the mechanism of action of cholinesterase inhibitors?
What is the mechanism of action of cholinesterase inhibitors?
Which drug is a direct-acting cholinergic drug that is used to treat glaucoma?
Which drug is a direct-acting cholinergic drug that is used to treat glaucoma?
What is the main adverse effect of cholinergic drugs?
What is the main adverse effect of cholinergic drugs?
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What is the effect of acetylcholine on the respiratory tract?
What is the effect of acetylcholine on the respiratory tract?
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What effect does acetylcholine have on the urinary bladder?
What effect does acetylcholine have on the urinary bladder?
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What is the effect of acetylcholine on the heart rate and cardiac output?
What is the effect of acetylcholine on the heart rate and cardiac output?
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What is the effect of acetylcholine on the tone and peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the effect of acetylcholine on the tone and peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract?
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What effect does acetylcholine have on the eye's iris?
What effect does acetylcholine have on the eye's iris?
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What is the effect of acetylcholine on the ciliary muscle of the eye?
What is the effect of acetylcholine on the ciliary muscle of the eye?
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What is the effect of acetylcholine on the secretion of sweat, saliva, and lacrimation?
What is the effect of acetylcholine on the secretion of sweat, saliva, and lacrimation?
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What is the effect of acetylcholine on autonomic ganglia?
What is the effect of acetylcholine on autonomic ganglia?
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Which type of drugs are used to treat hypertension, hypotension, shock, and heart failure?
Which type of drugs are used to treat hypertension, hypotension, shock, and heart failure?
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Which receptor type is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine?
Which receptor type is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine?
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Which enzyme is involved in the termination of the action of acetylcholine?
Which enzyme is involved in the termination of the action of acetylcholine?
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Which nervous system is essential for digestive processes and waste elimination?
Which nervous system is essential for digestive processes and waste elimination?
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Which type of drugs produce actions similar to acetylcholine through direct-acting choline esters like acetylcholine?
Which type of drugs produce actions similar to acetylcholine through direct-acting choline esters like acetylcholine?
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Which type of receptors are ion channel receptors?
Which type of receptors are ion channel receptors?
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Which type of receptors are G-protein coupled receptors?
Which type of receptors are G-protein coupled receptors?
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Which enzyme is involved in the synthesis of the transmitter acetylcholine?
Which enzyme is involved in the synthesis of the transmitter acetylcholine?
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Which type of drugs are used to treat myasthenia gravis and urinary retention?
Which type of drugs are used to treat myasthenia gravis and urinary retention?
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Which type of drugs affect cholinergic transmission by inhibiting choline carrier?
Which type of drugs affect cholinergic transmission by inhibiting choline carrier?
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Which type of drugs affect cholinergic transmission by inhibiting vesicular storage and release?
Which type of drugs affect cholinergic transmission by inhibiting vesicular storage and release?
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Which type of drugs affect cholinergic transmission by enhancing vesicular storage and release?
Which type of drugs affect cholinergic transmission by enhancing vesicular storage and release?
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Which drug is used to treat glaucoma by reducing intraocular pressure?
Which drug is used to treat glaucoma by reducing intraocular pressure?
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Which choline ester is used in the diagnosis of bronchial hyperactivity and asthmatic conditions?
Which choline ester is used in the diagnosis of bronchial hyperactivity and asthmatic conditions?
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Which choline ester is used to stimulate atonic bladder and treat congenital megacolon and paralytic ileus?
Which choline ester is used to stimulate atonic bladder and treat congenital megacolon and paralytic ileus?
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Which choline ester is poorly absorbed from the stomach and has poor lipid solubility?
Which choline ester is poorly absorbed from the stomach and has poor lipid solubility?
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What is the alkaloid obtained from Pilocarpus microphyllus used for?
What is the alkaloid obtained from Pilocarpus microphyllus used for?
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What are the adverse effects of Pilocarpine?
What are the adverse effects of Pilocarpine?
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What do reversible anticholinesterases inhibit?
What do reversible anticholinesterases inhibit?
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What are the therapeutic uses of Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, and Ambenonium?
What are the therapeutic uses of Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, and Ambenonium?
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What are the adverse effects of Bethanechol?
What are the adverse effects of Bethanechol?
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What is the main use of Methacholine?
What is the main use of Methacholine?
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What distinguishes irreversible anticholinesterases from reversible ones?
What distinguishes irreversible anticholinesterases from reversible ones?
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What is the therapeutic use of Pilocarpine?
What is the therapeutic use of Pilocarpine?
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Which irreversible anticholinesterase binds covalently to the serine-OH group at the active site of acetylcholinesterase?
Which irreversible anticholinesterase binds covalently to the serine-OH group at the active site of acetylcholinesterase?
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Which irreversible anticholinesterase undergoes aging by the loss of one of its ethyl groups, making it impossible for enzyme reactivator to break the bond between the remaining drug and the enzyme?
Which irreversible anticholinesterase undergoes aging by the loss of one of its ethyl groups, making it impossible for enzyme reactivator to break the bond between the remaining drug and the enzyme?
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Which irreversible anticholinesterase produces intense miosis, forming the basis of its therapeutic application?
Which irreversible anticholinesterase produces intense miosis, forming the basis of its therapeutic application?
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Which cholinesterase reactivator binds with the anionic site of cholinesterase and undergoes a reaction to cause hydrolysis of the phosphoserine bond, resulting in free enzyme?
Which cholinesterase reactivator binds with the anionic site of cholinesterase and undergoes a reaction to cause hydrolysis of the phosphoserine bond, resulting in free enzyme?
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Which drug is an irreversible anticholinesterase used for the chronic treatment of open-angle glaucoma, with a potential risk of cataracts limiting its use?
Which drug is an irreversible anticholinesterase used for the chronic treatment of open-angle glaucoma, with a potential risk of cataracts limiting its use?
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Which drug is used as a cholinesterase reactivator in the management of organophosphorus poisoning, and should be administered as early as possible to avoid aging?
Which drug is used as a cholinesterase reactivator in the management of organophosphorus poisoning, and should be administered as early as possible to avoid aging?
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Which drug is a reversible anticholinesterase structurally related to neostigmine, with similar mode of action and side effects, and is used to treat chronic open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma?
Which drug is a reversible anticholinesterase structurally related to neostigmine, with similar mode of action and side effects, and is used to treat chronic open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma?
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Which drugs are categorized as reversible anticholinesterases used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease?
Which drugs are categorized as reversible anticholinesterases used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease?
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Which drug is a cerebroselective anti-ChE used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease?
Which drug is a cerebroselective anti-ChE used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease?
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Which drug is used to stimulate atonic bladder and treat congenital megacolon and paralytic ileus?
Which drug is used to stimulate atonic bladder and treat congenital megacolon and paralytic ileus?
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Which drug is used in the diagnosis of bronchial hyperactivity and asthmatic conditions?
Which drug is used in the diagnosis of bronchial hyperactivity and asthmatic conditions?
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Study Notes
Cholinergic (Parasympathetic) Drugs: Choline Esters
- Choline esters like Acetylcholine, Methacholine, Bethanechol, and Carbachol are poorly absorbed from the stomach and have poor lipid solubility.
- Therapeutic uses of Bethanechol include stimulating atonic bladder and treating congenital megacolon and paralytic ileus.
- Carbachol may be used in the eye to treat glaucoma by reducing intraocular pressure.
- Adverse effects of Bethanechol include generalized cholinergic stimulation effects like sweating, salivation, and decreased blood pressure.
- Methacholine, with more muscarinic action than nicotinic, is used in the diagnosis of bronchial hyperactivity and asthmatic conditions.
- Pilocarpine, an alkaloid obtained from Pilocarpus microphyllus, is used topically to produce rapid miosis and contraction of ciliary muscle in the eye.
- Pilocarpine is used as a drug of choice in emergency lowering of intraocular pressure in glaucoma and in promoting salivation in patients with xerostomia.
- Profuse sweating and salivation are adverse effects of Pilocarpine, and it can cause CNS disturbances at high doses.
- Anticholinesterase agents inhibit the enzyme acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and protect ACh from hydrolysis.
- Reversible anticholinesterases include Edrophonium, Neostigmine, Physostigmine, Pyridostigmine, and Ambenonium.
- Irreversible anticholinesterases are insecticides and nerve gas poisons like Organophosphorus compounds and Carbamates.
- Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, and Ambenonium have various therapeutic uses and actions, including reversing atropine overdose, treating myasthenia gravis, and diagnosing myasthenia gravis.
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Description
Test your knowledge of cholinergic (parasympathetic) drugs and their therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and mechanisms of action. This quiz covers choline esters like Acetylcholine, Methacholine, Bethanechol, and Carbachol, as well as anticholinesterase agents such as Edrophonium, Neostigmine, and Physostigmine.
