Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis Quiz
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Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What primarily initiates atherosclerosis?

  • Inflammation
  • Tobacco use
  • Hypertension
  • Elevation of ApoB-containing lipoproteins (correct)

    • Atherosclerosis can occur without any endothelial damage.

    False

    What is formed when LDL is taken up by macrophages?

    Foam cells

    Atherosclerotic plaques can lead to __________ or rupture causing acute ASCVD events.

    <p>occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) = A range of conditions associated with sudden reduced blood flow to the heart Myocardial infarction (MI) = Damage to the heart muscle due to lack of blood supply Transitory ischemic attack (TIA) = A brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by temporary loss of blood flow Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) = Narrowing of the peripheral arteries, often in the legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipoproteins are primarily responsible for transporting cholesterol and triglycerides throughout the body?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterol can only be obtained through diet and cannot be biosynthesized in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary organ responsible for the biosynthesis of cholesterol?

    <p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipoproteins vary in characteristics depending on the amount of ______, TG, and apolipoproteins.

    <p>cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lipoproteins with their primary roles:

    <p>Chylomicrons = Transport dietary lipids VLDL = Transport endogenous triglycerides LDL = Deliver cholesterol to tissues HDL = Transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the role of cholesterol in the body?

    <p>Cholesterol is essential for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are three main types of lipoproteins involved in lipid transport.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one lifestyle modification that can help manage elevated dyslipidemia.

    <p>Dietary changes or increased physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of high-density lipoproteins (HDL)?

    <p>Pick up excess cholesterol and return it to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ApoB-containing lipoproteins do not play a role in delivering cholesterol into the cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary apolipoprotein-containing lipoproteins associated with atherogenic cholesterol?

    <p>ApoB-containing lipoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    LDL is the dominant form of ______ cholesterol.

    <p>atherogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lipoproteins with their primary function:

    <p>HDL = Reverse cholesterol transport LDL = Cholesterol delivery to cells ApoA-1 = Component of HDL ApoB = Component of non-HDL lipoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main type of lipoprotein that does not contain ApoB?

    <p>High-density lipoprotein (HDL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-HDL cholesterol is calculated by adding HDL-C to total cholesterol (TC).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lipoprotein is primarily associated with initiating atherosclerosis?

    <p>ApoB-containing lipoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD)?

    <p>Elevated total &amp; LDL cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dyslipidemia is defined as a decrease in total cholesterol levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of American adults are estimated to have total cholesterol levels of ≥ 200 mg/dL?

    <p>49%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, the primary defect is the inability to bind LDLC to _____ receptors.

    <p>LDLC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>LDL cholesterol = Low-density lipoprotein associated with increased risk of heart disease HDL cholesterol = High-density lipoprotein known for protective cardiovascular effects Dyslipidemia = Abnormal levels of lipoproteins in the blood ASCVD = Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Less than 20% of CHD patients are at their LDL cholesterol goal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2011, what percentage of deaths in the United States was caused by coronary heart disease?

    <p>One in every seven deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease found in the 2017 study in Saudi Arabia?

    <p>Dyslipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications can increase LDL-C levels?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Martin-Hopkins equation used for?

    <p>Estimating LDL-C levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with dyslipidemia are usually symptomatic from the outset.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A very high-fat diet is likely to increase __________ levels.

    <p>triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory tests would indicate poorly controlled diabetes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medical conditions with their associated lipid level impact:

    <p>Obesity = Increases triglycerides Hypothyroidism = Increases LDL-C Chronic renal failure = Increases both LDL-C and triglycerides Pregnancy = Increases triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fasting lipid profile should be assessed at least every 5 years for all adults aged 20 and older who are not on lipid therapy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a physical finding that may be associated with high triglycerides levels?

    <p>Pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cholesterol and Lipoproteins

    • Cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids are major lipids transported by lipoproteins.
    • There are four types of lipoproteins: chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL.
    • HDL carries excess cholesterol back to the liver.
    • ApoB-containing lipoproteins (non-HDL) are involved in lipid delivery and are linked to atherosclerosis.
    • ApoA-1 containing lipoproteins (HDL) move cholesterol from tissues to the liver.
    • Non-HDL encompasses all potentially atherogenic cholesterol and is calculated by subtracting HDL-C from TC.

    Atherosclerosis

    • Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial damage and dysfunction.
    • Increased LDL particles permeate through the vascular wall and accumulate in the subendothelial layer.
    • LDL trapped in the vascular intima is taken up by macrophages via scavenger receptors, creating foam cells.
    • Smooth muscle cells migrate and encapsulate the plaque, forming a fibrous plaque.
    • Atherosclerotic plaques can cause occlusion or rupture leading to ASCVD events.
    • Elevated and retained ApoB-containing lipoproteins in the subendothelial layer are a primary initiator of atherosclerosis.

    Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD)

    • Clinical ASCVD involves a history of ACS, MI, stable or unstable angina, coronary or arterial revascularization, stroke, TIA, or PAD.

    Dyslipidemia

    • Includes elevated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, or reduced HDL cholesterol.
    • Dyslipidemia is the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factor.

    Primary Dyslipidemias

    • Caused by genetic defects resulting in hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia and disorders of HDLC metabolism.
    • These disorders increase the risk of premature ASCVD due to high cholesterol levels.
    • The primary defect in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the inability to bind LDL to LDL receptors leading to unregulated cholesterol biosynthesis.

    Secondary Dyslipidemias

    • Caused by medications, dietary influences, and disease states.
    • Medications such as glucocorticoids, amiodarone, diuretics, and cyclosporine can increase LDL-C.
    • Oral estrogens, glucocorticoids, bile acid sequestrants, and certain other medications increase triglycerides.

    Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

    • Most patients are asymptomatic for many years.
    • Physical findings include abdominal pain, pancreatitis, xanthomas, and corneal arcus.
    • Laboratory testing reveals elevated total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and hsCRP, with decreased HDL.

    Measurement of Cholesterol

    • Initial lipid profile should be done in adults 20 years and older who are not on lipid therapy.
    • LDL-C can be calculated using the Friedewald or Martin-Hopkins equation.
    • The Martin-Hopkins equation provides a more accurate estimation of LDL-C compared to the Friedewald equation.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cholesterol, lipoproteins, and the mechanism of atherosclerosis. This quiz covers key concepts including the types of lipoproteins, their roles in lipid transport, and the pathological processes involved in atherosclerosis. Perfect for anyone studying cardiovascular health.

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