Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a primary reason for the difficulty in preventing and controlling cholera in developing countries?
What is a primary reason for the difficulty in preventing and controlling cholera in developing countries?
- Limited access to vaccines for cholera
- Fast-growing cities lacking appropriate infrastructure (correct)
- Lack of government interest in public health
- High levels of public awareness about cholera
What is one effective method of cholera prevention?
What is one effective method of cholera prevention?
- Overcrowding in temporary housing
- Providing clean, piped water that has been chlorinated (correct)
- Using unwashed vegetables in meals
- Increasing the use of raw sewage for irrigation
Which method is NOT commonly used to control malaria?
Which method is NOT commonly used to control malaria?
- Reducing chances of mosquito bites
- Using drugs to treat existing infections
- Reducing mosquito populations
- Applying pesticides indiscriminately (correct)
Which intervention is part of the treatment plan for severe cholera cases?
Which intervention is part of the treatment plan for severe cholera cases?
What role does the World Health Organization (WHO) play in cholera control?
What role does the World Health Organization (WHO) play in cholera control?
What is one of the primary vectors for malaria transmission?
What is one of the primary vectors for malaria transmission?
Which factor contributes to the spread of cholera in humanitarian crises?
Which factor contributes to the spread of cholera in humanitarian crises?
Which of the following methods reduces the transmission cycle of malaria?
Which of the following methods reduces the transmission cycle of malaria?
Which method is effective in controlling mosquito larvae without harming other organisms?
Which method is effective in controlling mosquito larvae without harming other organisms?
What is a common consequence of using prophylactic drugs for malaria?
What is a common consequence of using prophylactic drugs for malaria?
What challenge does the WHO face in eradicating malaria using insecticides?
What challenge does the WHO face in eradicating malaria using insecticides?
What is the primary method of transmission for tuberculosis (TB)?
What is the primary method of transmission for tuberculosis (TB)?
What is the role of contact tracing in the control of TB?
What is the role of contact tracing in the control of TB?
Why was the WHO's worldwide malaria eradication program in the 1950s mainly unsuccessful?
Why was the WHO's worldwide malaria eradication program in the 1950s mainly unsuccessful?
Which preventative method is advisable for individuals living in malaria-prone areas?
Which preventative method is advisable for individuals living in malaria-prone areas?
What percentage of those vaccinated with the BCG vaccine for TB receive protection?
What percentage of those vaccinated with the BCG vaccine for TB receive protection?
What recent advancement has improved malaria diagnosis?
What recent advancement has improved malaria diagnosis?
What combination strategy is suggested to combat drug resistance in malaria treatment?
What combination strategy is suggested to combat drug resistance in malaria treatment?
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Study Notes
Prevention & Control of Cholera
- Cholera mainly arises from inadequate sanitation and lack of access to clean water.
- Rapid urban growth in developing countries exacerbates cholera risks due to poor infrastructure and funding limitations for sewage and water supply projects.
- War and natural disasters disrupt sanitation infrastructure, leading to overcrowded temporary housing with inadequate sanitation.
- The practice of using raw sewage for crop irrigation increases cholera transmission risk.
- Prevention measures include:
- Establishing sufficient sewage treatment facilities.
- Providing chlorinated piped water to eliminate bacteria, as seen in developed nations.
- Implementing vaccination programs in endemic regions.
- Control strategies involve:
- Ensuring access to oral rehydration therapy, a mixture of glucose, salts, and water.
- Monitoring by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
- Using antibiotics for severe cases to mitigate antibiotic resistance.
Prevention & Control of Malaria
- Key strategies to combat malaria:
- Decreasing Anopheles mosquito populations.
- Minimizing human exposure to mosquito bites.
- Administering preventative drugs against Plasmodium infections.
- Reducing mosquito numbers can be achieved by:
- Spraying insecticides like DDT in living areas.
- Applying oil on water surfaces to kill mosquito larvae.
- Draining unnecessary water bodies and marshes.
- Stocking ponds and ditches with fish that feed on larvae.
- Treating water bodies with Bacillus thuringiensis, targeting larvae selectively.
- Complete elimination of breeding sites is challenging due to mosquitoes' adaptability.
- Prophylactic medications (e.g., chloroquine, mefloquine) face challenges like drug resistance and side effects.
- Effective personal protection includes sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets and minimizing skin exposure during peak mosquito activity (dusk).
- A WHO-led eradication effort in the 1950s successfully eliminated malaria from some regions but failed overall due to:
- Resistance developed in Plasmodium to control drugs.
- Anopheles resistance to certain insecticides.
- Ongoing malaria control actions by governments and WHO focus on:
- Enhancing diagnosis within health systems.
- Ensuring effective drug supply.
- Utilizing drug combinations to combat resistance.
- Promoting biological control methods and insecticide-treated bed nets.
- Innovations in malaria control include:
- Rapid dipstick tests for quick diagnosis without laboratory requirements.
- Full sequencing of the Plasmodium genome aids vaccine development.
Prevention & Control of Tuberculosis (TB)
- TB spreads through droplets from coughing or sneezing of infected individuals, containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Contact tracing is essential for controlling TB spread by screening and testing contacts for TB infection.
- Diagnosis of TB can take up to two weeks, emphasizing the need for timely detection.
- TB prevention is primarily through the BCG vaccine, the only vaccine available, which offers protection for 70-80% of its recipients.
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