Cholera and Secondary Encephalitis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is indicated as a primary medical management strategy for cholera?

  • Administration of corticosteroids
  • Correction of dehydration and fluid imbalance (correct)
  • Use of herbal remedies
  • Implementation of enteric precautions

Which of the following represents common clinical manifestations of cholera?

  • Severe dehydration and abdominal pain (correct)
  • Severe headache and confusion
  • Constant high blood pressure
  • Rapid onset fever and chills

Which deficit is NOT listed as a complication during cholera?

  • Hypokalemia
  • Excessive potassium (correct)
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Severe dehydration

What is the drug of choice for treating cholera?

<p>Tetracycline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does SFF stand for in the context of managing cholera?

<p>Small frequent feedings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a measure for patient assessment in cholera?

<p>Checking for arterial blood gas levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with cholera?

<p>Hypokalemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is indicative of advanced cholera infection?

<p>Violent dysentery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of acyclovir in treating infections?

<p>It is only effective for herpes simplex infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of medications is specifically mentioned for reducing brain inflammation?

<p>Corticosteroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission for the virus mentioned?

<p>Bite of an infected female AEDES AEGYPTI mosquito (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for the infection discussed?

<p>3-14 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment might be necessary for patients with severe symptoms?

<p>Mechanical ventilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is known for being associated with secondary encephalitis?

<p>Japanese encephalitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for secondary encephalitis?

<p>4 to 21 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of treatment for Japanese encephalitis?

<p>Symptomatic and supportive management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test can be used for definitive diagnosis of a viral infection?

<p>Virus Isolation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A?

<p>Fecal-oral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of Japanese encephalitis?

<p>Fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation is NOT associated with the pre-icteric phase of hepatitis?

<p>Jaundice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of viruses are Japanese encephalitis and West Nile encephalitis categorized as?

<p>Arboviruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically not involved in the medical management of encephalitis?

<p>Surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What preventive measure is recommended for Hepatitis B?

<p>Hepatitis B vaccination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Immunofluorescence Assay is true?

<p>It is used to detect the antigen and antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical symptom results from increased bilirubin levels during the icteric phase?

<p>Dark urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered Vibrio cholera, the bacterium responsible for cholera?

<p>Filippo Pacini (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mode of transmission for Hepatitis C?

<p>Percutaneous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes clay colored stools in hepatitis patients?

<p>Decreased bile excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteriologist developed the first cholera vaccine in July 1892?

<p>Waldemar Haffkine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causative agent of encephalitis?

<p>Viral infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with encephalitis?

<p>Skin rash (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do animals play in the prevention of encephalitis?

<p>They must be vaccinated to prevent transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which preventative measure is essential for controlling the spread of encephalitis?

<p>Sanitation in homes and workplaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the neurological manifestations of encephalitis within the first 24 hours?

<p>Dizziness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial component of home care for preventing encephalitis?

<p>Cleaning near stagnant water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can potentially happen if encephalitis symptoms worsen?

<p>Development of severe brain damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is a determining element of mortality in encephalitis cases?

<p>Severity of symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important nursing management practice for a patient with fever?

<p>Keep patient in a quiet, well-ventilated room (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mosquito species is primarily responsible for dengue transmission?

<p>Aedes aegypti (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key preventive measure for controlling dengue outbreaks?

<p>Eliminate breeding grounds of mosquitoes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the Anopheles mosquito?

<p>Night biting and breeds in clear, flowing streams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common manifestation of grade II dengue fever?

<p>Spontaneous bleeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main etiologic agent of dengue fever?

<p>Flavivirus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended during the first five days of a fever for diagnosing dengue?

<p>Conduct a NS1 rapid test for dengue antigen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with dengue?

<p>Persistent cough (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional measure is crucial for travelers to endemic areas for dengue?

<p>Consider vaccination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice contributes directly to the comfort of a patient with fever?

<p>Encouraging high caloric diet with plenty of fluids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver, primarily caused by viruses like Hepatitis A, B and C.

Hepatitis A

Also known as infectious hepatitis, this type of hepatitis is spread through fecal-oral route, like contaminated food or water.

Hepatitis B

This type of hepatitis is spread through blood and bodily fluids, such as during unprotected sex or sharing needles.

Hepatitis C

This type of hepatitis is spread through blood contact like contaminated needles or blood transfusions.

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Pre-icteric Phase of Hepatitis

This stage of hepatitis features symptoms like loss of appetite (anorexia), nausea and right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain.

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Icteric Phase of Hepatitis

This stage of hepatitis features symptoms like dark urine, itchy skin (pruritus), and pale stools (clay-colored).

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Cholera

Disease primarily caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria, which can cause severe diarrhoea and dehydration.

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Waldemar Haffkine

A Russian-Jewish bacteriologist who developed the first cholera vaccine in 1892.

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Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment within the body, despite external changes. It involves regulating temperature, fluid balance, and other vital functions.

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SFF (Small, Frequent Feedings)

Frequently consuming small meals throughout the day, rather than a few large meals.

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Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

The fluid that surrounds cells in the body, including blood plasma and interstitial fluid.

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Hypokalemia

A decrease in the amount of potassium in the blood.

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Metabolic Acidosis

A state where the body's pH is too acidic.

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Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)

A type of dysentery caused by the bacteria Shigella, characterized by bloody diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.

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Amoebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis)

A type of dysentery caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, characterized by watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.

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What is Encephalitis?

An inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a virus or the immune system attacking brain tissue.

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What are the most common causes of Encephalitis?

The most common cause is a viral infection, which can be spread through various ways like mosquitoes, ticks, and contaminated food or water.

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Where is Encephalitis most prevalent?

South East Asia & Far East.

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What are the symptoms of Encephalitis?

Fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea and vomiting, altered mental status, confusion, seizures.

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How to control the spread of Encephalitis?

Keep clients under close surveillance, ensure meticulous skin care, and provide health education about transmission.

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How can animal vaccinations help with Encephalitis?

Vaccination of animals like cattle, dogs, cats, and pigs can help control the spread of Encephalitis.

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What sanitation measures are important for Encephalitis prevention?

Maintain cleanliness in homes, workplaces, and farms, especially near dirty places, pools, and stagnant water.

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Why is a proper drainage system important for Encephalitis prevention?

Proper drainage systems can help control rodent populations, which can be infected and spread the virus.

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Immunofluorescence Assay

A test that uses fluorescent antibodies to detect the presence of specific antigens or antibodies in a sample.

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Arboviruses

A type of virus that is spread by insects like mosquitoes and ticks. Examples include Japanese encephalitis and West Nile encephalitis.

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Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain, often caused by a viral infection. Symptoms include headache, fever, and nausea.

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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

A viral infection that can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, and fatigue. It is usually spread through contact with saliva.

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Secondary Encephalitis

A type of encephalitis that can be caused by a complication of a viral infection. The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy brain cells.

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Japanese Encephalitis

A viral infection that is spread by mosquitoes. It can cause a severe form of encephalitis.

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Antibody Titer

A type of antibody test used to detect the presence of antibodies against a specific virus.

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IgM Antibody

A specific type of antibody found in the blood during the early stages of an infection.

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Antiviral Agents

A group of medications used to treat viral infections like herpes simplex, but with limited effectiveness for most infections.

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Corticosteroids

A medication commonly used to reduce brain inflammation, particularly in post-infectious encephalitis.

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Anticonvulsants

Medications used to manage seizures, often prescribed in cases of encephalitis.

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Sedatives

Medications used to manage symptoms like seizures, restlessness, and irritability.

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Dengue Virus

A virus that primarily causes dengue fever, transmitted by the bite of infected female Aedes aegypti mosquitos.

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Dengue Fever

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne illness caused by dengue virus. The most common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, and rash.

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Aedes aegypti Mosquito

The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector for dengue fever. It is a day-biting mosquito that thrives in stagnant water.

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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe form of dengue fever that involves bleeding. It can be fatal.

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Herman's Sign

Herman's sign is a red flush on the skin, specifically on the upper chest and face. It's a characteristic sign of dengue fever.

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Tourniquet Test (Rumple-Leeds)

The Tourniquet test, also known as the Rumple-Leeds test, involves applying a tourniquet to the arm for 5 minutes and observing for petechiae (small red spots) on the skin. This test is used as one of the criteria for diagnosing dengue fever.

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Dengue NS1 Antigen Test

The dengue NS1 antigen test is a blood test that detects the presence of dengue virus protein. Performing this test within 5 days of fever onset can be helpful in diagnosing dengue fever.

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Preventing Dengue Fever

Prevention of dengue fever focuses on controlling mosquito population, using repellents, and eliminating mosquito breeding grounds.

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Dengue Fever Age Incidence

Dengue fever can occur at any age, but is commonly seen in people between 4 and 9 years old.

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Dengue Fever Sex Incidence

Dengue fever can affect both men and women.

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Dengue Fever Symptoms

Dengue fever is typically characterized by a fever that lasts for 2-7 days. Other symptoms include headache, muscle and joint pain, and rash.

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Study Notes

Hepatitis

  • Hepatitis A is an infectious disease, spread through fecal-oral route or oral-anal sex.
  • Transmission of Hepatitis B: percutaneous, sexual contact, mother to child.
  • Transmission of Hepatitis C: percutaneous, sexual intercourse.
  • Clinical Manifestations of pre-icteric phase: Anorexia, nausea, RUQ pain, malaise, headache, low-grade fever.
  • Clinical Manifestations of Icteric phase: Dark urine, pruritus, clay-colored stools, jaundice.
  • Clinical Manifestations of post-icteric phase: Malaise, fatigue, hepatomegaly (for several weeks submit to UTZ).
  • Diagnostic Exams: Liver UTZ, liver function test.
  • Complications: Chronic Hepatitis, cirrhosis (monitor abdominal girth, and weight).
  • Medications: Lamivudine, Interferon.
  • Nursing Interventions: Bed rest, Small frequent feedings (SFF) ,avoid alcohol and OTC drugs (hepatotoxic).

Cholera

  • Causative Agent: Vibrio Cholera (bacteria).
  • Incubation Period: a few hours to 5 days (average of 3 days).
  • Risk factors: discovered by Filippo Pacini and Waldemar Haffkine in 1892.
  • Discovered by: Dr. John Snow.
  • Symptoms: Mild diarrhea that becomes voluminous, rice-watery stool (pathognomonic sign), effortless vomiting, cramping of extremities (hypokalemia).
  • Three Deficits during Cholera: Severe dehydration and ECF volume deficit, Hypokalemia, Metabolic acidosis.
  • Treatment: patient is induced to vomit, charcoal hemoperfusion, alkaline fluids (sodium bicarbonate).
  • Prevention: Monitoring of water, sediments, and shellfish for contamination when blooms subside. Follow posted warnings and local media announcements.

Red Tide Poisoning

  • Red tide poisoning is caused by "population explosion" of toxic dinoflagellates.
  • Factors favoring growth of dinoflagellates: Warmer surface temp., high-nutrient content, low salinity, calm seas, and rainy days.
  • Toxins accumulate in shellfish
  • These toxins are water-soluble, heat- and acid-stable, not destroyed by cooking or freezing.
  • Symptoms: tingling of lips and tongue which spreads to face, neck, fingers, and toes, followed by headache, dizziness, and nausea. Severe cases may lead to muscular paralysis and difficulty breathing caused by diaphragm paralysis.
  • Treatment: Induce vomiting, charcoal hemoperfusion, provide alkaline fluids (sodium bicarbonate), and artificial respiration.
  • Prevention: monitoring of water, sediments, and shellfish, follow posted warnings and local media announcements.

Typhoid Fever

  • Pathologist: Georg Gaffky.
  • Cause: Salmonella Typhi,
  • Incubation Period: 1-3 weeks (avg 2 weeks)
  • Prevention: Fecal-oral route. Ingestion of contaminated food and water; 5 F’s of Sanitation (Feces, flies, food, fomites, fingers)
  • Treatment: Antibiotics like Chloramphenicol (drug of choice), IVF to correct dehydration, oral therapy (Oresol and Hydrites).
  • Management: Enteric Isolation, Record intake and output accurately, hand-washing, ensure safe water supply, increase oral fluid intake and concurrent disinfection.

Tetanus

  • Causative Agent: Clostridium tetani
  • Symptomatic stage (signs of spasticity): Malaise, high fever with difficulty in sucking, excessive crying, stiffness of jaw.
  • Mode of Transmission: soil, street dust, animal/ human feces, rusty materials
  • Incubation Period: 3-30 days (new born) to 3 weeks (adults)
  • Management: Keep room dim and quiet, avoid unnecessary handling, monitor vital signs and muscle tone, provide adequate airway.

other Infectious Diseases

  • Meningitis:

    • Etiology: Meningococcus (Neisseria meningitides), Streptococcus pneumonia
    • Symptoms: Fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, meningeal irritation (Kernig's sign, Brudzinksi's sign). Severe cases can result in seizures or coma
    • Prevention: Vaccinations
    • Prognosis: Varies with organism and treatment early detection is crucial

  • Tetanus:

    • Etiology: Clostridium tetani
    • Symptoms: Rigid paralysis (lockjaw), generalized muscle stiffness and spams.
    • Pathogenesis: Toxin (tetanospasmin) causes spastic paralysis by preventing muscle relaxation.
    • Prevention: Vaccination
    • Treatment: Antitoxin and supportive care

  • Leptospirosis:

    • Etiology: Leptospira interrogans
    • Transmission: Contaminated water, mud, urine of infected animals
    • Symptoms: Fever, jaundice, kidney failure, and hemorrhage
    • Prevention: Avoid exposure to contaminated water. Vaccination (in some cases)
    • Treatment: IV fluids, antibiotics, supportive care.

  • Hepatitis A:

    • Etiology: Liver inflammation caused by the Hepatitis A virus
    • Transmission: Fecal-oral, oral-anal sex
    • Symptoms: Mild to moderate symptoms (malaise, jaundice, abdominal pain)
    • Prevention: Vaccination

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Description

Test your knowledge on the medical management and clinical manifestations of cholera, as well as related infectious diseases like secondary encephalitis. This quiz covers treatment options, symptoms, and complications associated with these infections. Enhance your understanding of critical medical concepts related to cholera management.

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