Cholera and Secondary Encephalitis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is indicated as a primary medical management strategy for cholera?

Administration of corticosteroids

Correction of dehydration and fluid imbalance (correct)

Use of herbal remedies

Implementation of enteric precautions

Which of the following represents common clinical manifestations of cholera?

Severe dehydration and abdominal pain (correct)

Severe headache and confusion

Constant high blood pressure

Rapid onset fever and chills

Which deficit is NOT listed as a complication during cholera?

Hypokalemia

Excessive potassium (correct)

Metabolic acidosis

Severe dehydration

What is the drug of choice for treating cholera?

Tetracycline Signup and view all the answers

What does SFF stand for in the context of managing cholera?

Small frequent feedings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a measure for patient assessment in cholera?

Checking for arterial blood gas levels Signup and view all the answers

What electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with cholera?

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is indicative of advanced cholera infection?

Violent dysentery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of acyclovir in treating infections?

It is only effective for herpes simplex infections. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of medications is specifically mentioned for reducing brain inflammation?

Corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission for the virus mentioned?

Bite of an infected female AEDES AEGYPTI mosquito Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for the infection discussed?

3-14 days Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment might be necessary for patients with severe symptoms?

Mechanical ventilation Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is known for being associated with secondary encephalitis?

Japanese encephalitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for secondary encephalitis?

4 to 21 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of treatment for Japanese encephalitis?

Symptomatic and supportive management Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test can be used for definitive diagnosis of a viral infection?

Virus Isolation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A?

Fecal-oral Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of Japanese encephalitis?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation is NOT associated with the pre-icteric phase of hepatitis?

Jaundice Signup and view all the answers

What type of viruses are Japanese encephalitis and West Nile encephalitis categorized as?

Arboviruses Signup and view all the answers

What is typically not involved in the medical management of encephalitis?

Surgery Signup and view all the answers

What preventive measure is recommended for Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B vaccination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Immunofluorescence Assay is true?

It is used to detect the antigen and antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical symptom results from increased bilirubin levels during the icteric phase?

Dark urine Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered Vibrio cholera, the bacterium responsible for cholera?

Filippo Pacini Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mode of transmission for Hepatitis C?

Percutaneous Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes clay colored stools in hepatitis patients?

Decreased bile excretion Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteriologist developed the first cholera vaccine in July 1892?

Waldemar Haffkine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causative agent of encephalitis?

Viral infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with encephalitis?

Skin rash Signup and view all the answers

What role do animals play in the prevention of encephalitis?

They must be vaccinated to prevent transmission. Signup and view all the answers

Which preventative measure is essential for controlling the spread of encephalitis?

Sanitation in homes and workplaces Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the neurological manifestations of encephalitis within the first 24 hours?

Dizziness Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial component of home care for preventing encephalitis?

Cleaning near stagnant water Signup and view all the answers

What can potentially happen if encephalitis symptoms worsen?

Development of severe brain damage Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is a determining element of mortality in encephalitis cases?

Severity of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is an important nursing management practice for a patient with fever?

Keep patient in a quiet, well-ventilated room Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mosquito species is primarily responsible for dengue transmission?

Aedes aegypti Signup and view all the answers

What is a key preventive measure for controlling dengue outbreaks?

Eliminate breeding grounds of mosquitoes Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the Anopheles mosquito?

Night biting and breeds in clear, flowing streams Signup and view all the answers

What is a common manifestation of grade II dengue fever?

Spontaneous bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the main etiologic agent of dengue fever?

Flavivirus Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended during the first five days of a fever for diagnosing dengue?

Conduct a NS1 rapid test for dengue antigen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with dengue?

Persistent cough Signup and view all the answers

What additional measure is crucial for travelers to endemic areas for dengue?

Consider vaccination Signup and view all the answers

Which practice contributes directly to the comfort of a patient with fever?

Encouraging high caloric diet with plenty of fluids Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hepatitis

Hepatitis A is an infectious disease, spread through fecal-oral route or oral-anal sex.
Transmission of Hepatitis B: percutaneous, sexual contact, mother to child.
Transmission of Hepatitis C: percutaneous, sexual intercourse.
Clinical Manifestations of pre-icteric phase: Anorexia, nausea, RUQ pain, malaise, headache, low-grade fever.
Clinical Manifestations of Icteric phase: Dark urine, pruritus, clay-colored stools, jaundice.
Clinical Manifestations of post-icteric phase: Malaise, fatigue, hepatomegaly (for several weeks submit to UTZ).
Diagnostic Exams: Liver UTZ, liver function test.
Complications: Chronic Hepatitis, cirrhosis (monitor abdominal girth, and weight).
Medications: Lamivudine, Interferon.
Nursing Interventions: Bed rest, Small frequent feedings (SFF) ,avoid alcohol and OTC drugs (hepatotoxic).

Cholera

Causative Agent: Vibrio Cholera (bacteria).
Incubation Period: a few hours to 5 days (average of 3 days).
Risk factors: discovered by Filippo Pacini and Waldemar Haffkine in 1892.
Discovered by: Dr. John Snow.
Symptoms: Mild diarrhea that becomes voluminous, rice-watery stool (pathognomonic sign), effortless vomiting, cramping of extremities (hypokalemia).
Three Deficits during Cholera: Severe dehydration and ECF volume deficit, Hypokalemia, Metabolic acidosis.
Treatment: patient is induced to vomit, charcoal hemoperfusion, alkaline fluids (sodium bicarbonate).
Prevention: Monitoring of water, sediments, and shellfish for contamination when blooms subside. Follow posted warnings and local media announcements.

Red Tide Poisoning

Red tide poisoning is caused by "population explosion" of toxic dinoflagellates.
Factors favoring growth of dinoflagellates: Warmer surface temp., high-nutrient content, low salinity, calm seas, and rainy days.
Toxins accumulate in shellfish
These toxins are water-soluble, heat- and acid-stable, not destroyed by cooking or freezing.
Symptoms: tingling of lips and tongue which spreads to face, neck, fingers, and toes, followed by headache, dizziness, and nausea. Severe cases may lead to muscular paralysis and difficulty breathing caused by diaphragm paralysis.
Treatment: Induce vomiting, charcoal hemoperfusion, provide alkaline fluids (sodium bicarbonate), and artificial respiration.
Prevention: monitoring of water, sediments, and shellfish, follow posted warnings and local media announcements.

Typhoid Fever

Pathologist: Georg Gaffky.
Cause: Salmonella Typhi,
Incubation Period: 1-3 weeks (avg 2 weeks)
Prevention: Fecal-oral route. Ingestion of contaminated food and water; 5 F’s of Sanitation (Feces, flies, food, fomites, fingers)
Treatment: Antibiotics like Chloramphenicol (drug of choice), IVF to correct dehydration, oral therapy (Oresol and Hydrites).
Management: Enteric Isolation, Record intake and output accurately, hand-washing, ensure safe water supply, increase oral fluid intake and concurrent disinfection.

Tetanus

Causative Agent: Clostridium tetani
Symptomatic stage (signs of spasticity): Malaise, high fever with difficulty in sucking, excessive crying, stiffness of jaw.
Mode of Transmission: soil, street dust, animal/ human feces, rusty materials
Incubation Period: 3-30 days (new born) to 3 weeks (adults)
Management: Keep room dim and quiet, avoid unnecessary handling, monitor vital signs and muscle tone, provide adequate airway.

other Infectious Diseases

Meningitis:
- Etiology: Meningococcus (Neisseria meningitides), Streptococcus pneumonia
- Symptoms: Fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, meningeal irritation (Kernig's sign, Brudzinksi's sign). Severe cases can result in seizures or coma
- Prevention: Vaccinations
- Prognosis: Varies with organism and treatment early detection is crucial
Tetanus:
- Etiology: Clostridium tetani
- Symptoms: Rigid paralysis (lockjaw), generalized muscle stiffness and spams.
- Pathogenesis: Toxin (tetanospasmin) causes spastic paralysis by preventing muscle relaxation.
- Prevention: Vaccination
- Treatment: Antitoxin and supportive care
Leptospirosis:
- Etiology: Leptospira interrogans
- Transmission: Contaminated water, mud, urine of infected animals
- Symptoms: Fever, jaundice, kidney failure, and hemorrhage
- Prevention: Avoid exposure to contaminated water. Vaccination (in some cases)
- Treatment: IV fluids, antibiotics, supportive care.
Hepatitis A:
- Etiology: Liver inflammation caused by the Hepatitis A virus
- Transmission: Fecal-oral, oral-anal sex
- Symptoms: Mild to moderate symptoms (malaise, jaundice, abdominal pain)
- Prevention: Vaccination

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Description

Test your knowledge on the medical management and clinical manifestations of cholera, as well as related infectious diseases like secondary encephalitis. This quiz covers treatment options, symptoms, and complications associated with these infections. Enhance your understanding of critical medical concepts related to cholera management.