Chinese Dynasties: Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing

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Questions and Answers

What was the capital of the Song dynasty?

  • Beijing
  • Xi'an
  • Nanjing
  • Hangzhou (correct)

What was the primary basis for the civil service examinations in China during the Song dynasty?

  • Confucianism (correct)
  • Legalism
  • Daoism
  • Meritocracy principles

Which crop contributed significantly to agricultural production during the Song dynasty?

  • Wheat
  • Barley
  • Champa rice (correct)
  • Maize

Which of the following statements about the Song dynasty's economy is true?

<p>It had networks of internal waterways facilitating trade. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the effects of the examination system on social mobility during the Song dynasty?

<p>Enabled some upper-class individuals to change classes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were women affected during the Song dynasty according to Confucian beliefs?

<p>Their education improved for teaching purposes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neighboring country implemented the tributary system to trade with China?

<p>Vietnam (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What practice was common in the examination system during the Song dynasty?

<p>Bribery and cheating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason the Mongols were able to conquer China?

<p>China was divided and struggling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dynasty followed the Mongol rule in China and emphasized Confucianism?

<p>Ming Dynasty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant reason Zheng He's voyages ended?

<p>The emperor died. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Mongols have on Persia compared to China?

<p>The Mongols completely assimilated into Persian culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Mongol approach to Russia differ from their approach in Persia?

<p>They did not assimilate into Russian society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geographical feature did the Mongols utilize to control Russia?

<p>The steppes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major outcome resulted from the Mongol invasions in Russia?

<p>Moscow became wealthy from tribute collection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a dominant feature of the Ming Dynasty's policies?

<p>A return to Confucian values and traditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tribute system did Korea and Vietnam have with China?

<p>They presented gifts to favor China's emperor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of Zheng He's voyages?

<p>To collect tribute and demonstrate China's power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Song Dynasty

The Golden Age of arts and literature in China, marked by significant growth in population, urbanization, and technological innovations.

Civil Service Examination

A system of governance in China where officials were chosen through a series of rigorous exams based on Confucian principles.

Champa Rice

A type of rice that grows quickly, yields high harvests, and is drought-resistant, contributing to the growth of the Song Dynasty.

Patriarchy

The dominance of men over women in society, often enforced through social norms and laws, as seen in the Song Dynasty.

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Tribute System

The practice of a powerful state (like China) requiring other countries to pay tribute (gifts) in exchange for recognition and trade.

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Kowtow

A formal act of respect performed towards the emperor of China, involving kneeling and bowing down.

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Vietnam

An independent kingdom with its own culture and rule, despite being influenced by China (like Vietnam).

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Korea

A kingdom that maintained its own culture, language (Hangul), and Buddhist beliefs, while participating in the Chinese tribute system.

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Bushido

A code of conduct for warriors in feudal Japan, emphasizing loyalty, honor, and self-discipline.

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Yuan Dynasty

The nomadic Mongol empire, founded by Kublai Khan, that ruled China for approximately 70 years. They implemented a system of governance distinct from previous Chinese dynasties.

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Khanate of the Golden Horde

A period of Mongol rule over Russia, marked by heavy taxation and a system of tribute collection. It was named after the golden tents the Mongols used.

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Mongol Invasion of Persia

The Mongol conquest of Persia (present-day Iran) led by Chinggis Khan and his grandson Hulegu, resulting in significant destruction and cultural changes in the region.

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Mongol Assimilation in Persia

The Mongols conquered Persia and ruled for some time. However, they assimilated into Persian society and adopted their culture and religion, particularly Islam.

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Mongol Rule in Russia

The Mongols, unlike in Persia, did not assimilate into Russian society. They primarily ruled from the steppes and collected taxes and tributes from Russians.

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Collapse of Mongol Rule

The Mongols initially conquered Persia and Russia, but their rule in both regions eventually collapsed due to factors such as internal conflict and widespread epidemics.

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Civil Service Exam

The Chinese civil service exam was a key part of the traditional Chinese government. It was a rigorous test that candidates had to pass to qualify for government positions, emphasizing meritocracy and Confucian values.

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Study Notes

Chinese Dynasties: Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing

  • Song Dynasty (Golden Age):

    • Capital: Hangzhou
    • Became smaller as Mongols took the north
    • Civil service exams, based on Confucianism, were rife with bribery and cheating, leading to social mobility for the wealthy
    • Economic revolution: population boom (Champa rice), urbanization, technological advancements (metallurgy, coal, printing, shipbuilding, gunpowder), commercialization (waterways, cash taxes, paper money)
    • Patriarchal society: Confucianism limited women's opportunities; however, women could own property and inheritances.
    • Tributary system with neighboring countries (Korea, Vietnam, Japan).

  • Yuan Dynasty (Mongol Rule):

    • Mongol conquest of a divided China.
    • Northern China heavily impacted by Mongol rule due to grazing needs.
    • Mongols claimed Mandate of Heaven, forming the Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan.
    • Mongols were foreign and harsh, eventually expelled via revolts, factions, inflation, epidemics.

  • Ming Dynasty (Recovery):

    • Emphasis on Chinese traditions (Confucianism).
    • Restoration of civil service exams; exclusion of Mongol history.
    • Construction of the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven (Daoism).
    • Zheng He's voyages: extensive maritime expeditions for tribute and diplomacy. However, voyage ended due cost, emperor's death,threats from north, internal trouble.

Mongol Impact on Neighbors

  • Persia:

    • Two Mongol invasions led to devastation, especially in Baghdad.
    • Mongols converted to Islam in Persia.
    • Extensive cultural exchange between Mongols and Persians.
    • Mongol rule in Persia eventually collapsed, allowing for assimilation.

  • Russia:

    • Mongol invasion brought violence similar to northern China.
    • Mongols imposed heavy taxes and enslavement.
    • Russia was not occupied; instead, Mongol rule was from the steppes.
    • Mongols were religiously tolerant to those accepting their rule.
    • Moscow gained prominence as tribute collector.
    • Mongols' departure and internal problems in the Mongol Empire allowed Russia to gain freedom.

Tributary System

  • Korea, Vietnam, Japan maintained their cultural identities while interacting with China.
  • These civilizations practiced the "kowtow" – a ritual of deference.
  • Korea kept Hangul.
  • Vietnam kept its cultural heritage (including Chữ Nôm).
  • Japan kept Shinto beliefs, samurai class, bushido code.
  • Buddhism spread from India to China, then to Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.

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