Questions and Answers
The Chinese excelled in making a delicate pottery called ______.
porcelain
Silk production, known as ______, was a closely guarded secret by the Chinese.
sericulture
The Chinese were the first to grow ______ as a stimulating beverage.
tea
The ______ was a counting machine developed by the Chinese.
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Unlike other ancient civilizations, the Chinese civilization did not experience a period of ______.
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The Chinese civilization began to flourish along the banks of the river ______, in northern China, around 1700 BCE.
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The earliest Chinese kingdom was that of the ______ dynasty (1700-1027 BCE).
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By the 14th century BCE, a vibrant civilization had developed here, comparable to that of ______ and Egypt.
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During the Shang and Chou dynasties, Chinese society was broadly divided into two classes: the nobles and the ______.
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From the 3rd century BCE, during the Chin dynasty, society became more complex with the rise of ______.
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A very important characteristic of Chinese society was the close-knit ______.
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Agriculture was the main occupation, and by around 500 BCE, ______ were dug to direct water to the fields.
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By 400 BCE, the Chinese were using ______-drawn wooden ploughs for farming.
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The Chinese domesticated animals not only for use in agriculture, but also for ______ and food.
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Trade between ancient China and the rest of the world took place largely along the ______ Route.
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The Silk Route had three main branches-a northern one to the Black Sea; a central one to ______ and the Mediterranean Sea; and a southern one to Afghanistan, Iran and India.
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The Chinese sold silk, ceramic, fur, jade, and ______ to other countries.
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The horse-drawn ______ was widely used for transport.
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The practice of writing was very important for the ancient Chinese, who initially represented each word with a ______.
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Confucius was a great philosopher of China who lived in the ______ century BCE.
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Towards the end of the Han dynasty in the ______ century CE, Buddhism became more popular in China.
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The ancient Chinese developed the compass and other astronomical instruments that were fairly ______.
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The Chinese discovered gunpowder around ______ CE.
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Ancient Chinese architecture was guided by rules laid down by Chinese ______ like Tao and Confucius.
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An important feature of Chinese architecture was the ______, built by the Buddhists to keep sacred relics.
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The Great Wall, an ancient fortification, stretches for almost ______ kilometres from east to west.
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The Chinese had also invented block printing by ______ CE.
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Study Notes
Overview of Chinese Civilization
- Chinese civilization flourished along the Huang He river around 1700 BCE.
- Geographic isolation due to the Gobi Desert, Yangtze River, and Himalayas facilitated unique cultural development.
Early Settlements and Agriculture
- Rich silt from Huang He enabled agriculture, leading to permanent settlements.
- Towns and cities emerged despite frequent changes in the river's course, earning Huang He the nickname "sorrow of China."
Historical Dynasties
- The Shang dynasty (1700-1027 BCE) was the first recorded Chinese kingdom.
- Successive dynasties:
- Chou (Zhou) (1027-256 BCE)
- Chin (Qin) (256-206 BCE)
- Han (206 BCE-220 CE)
- Tang (618-885 CE)
- Dynasties frequently experienced internal unrest.
Social Structure
- Society during Shang and Chou dynasties divided into nobles (warriors) and peasants.
- By the Chin dynasty, a more complex class system emerged involving merchants, craftsmen, and an army class.
- Close-knit families characterized society, with gender roles dividing work: men farmed, and women managed households and silk production.
Agriculture and Occupations
- Main occupation was agriculture, with irrigation techniques developed by 500 BCE.
- Crops included rice, millets, and wheat, with domesticated animals used for labor and transport.
Trade and Economy
- Trade routes established along the Silk Route; main branches connected to the Black Sea, Persia, and India.
- China exported silk, ceramics, jade, tea, and more while importing gold, ivory, and precious stones.
- Metal coins became the standard currency for trade.
Transport Innovations
- Horse-drawn chariots were widely used; the stirrup was invented for better horse control.
- Palanquins served as transport for people.
Writing System
- Early writing consisted of pictographs, evolving into a complex system of thousands of characters.
- Writing was significant for governance and culture; calligraphy thrived with fine brushes used on bamboo.
Religious Practices
- Nature worship predominated, alongside ancestor worship; belief in spirits after death.
- Tombs contained items for use in the afterlife, with significant construction for royal burials.
Philosophical and Religious Influence
- Confucius (6th century BCE) emphasized respect, sincerity, and tradition, influencing Chinese thought and government.
- Buddhism gained popularity by the 3rd century CE, with translations of texts enriching Chinese culture.
Achievements in Science and Technology
- Development of accurate astronomical instruments and calendars based on both solar and lunar cycles.
- Gunpowder discovered around 850 CE, initially for fireworks, later used in warfare.
- Invention of paper in the 1st century CE, improving literacy, along with block printing by 700 CE.
Arts and Architecture
- Masters of metallurgy created intricate bronze and jade artifacts.
- Painting evolved from decorative patterns to realistic representations using natural dyes.
- Architecture emphasized harmony and symmetry; pagodas and the Great Wall exemplified engineering skills.
Textile and Ceramics
- Sericulture established a silk industry, closely guarded as a trade secret, fetched high prices on the Silk Route.
- Mastery of porcelain production led to international recognition; referred to as "china."
Continuing Innovations
- Pioneered tea cultivation, watermill design, acupuncture, the abacus, and kites, showcasing a rich intellectual tradition.
- Many foundational aspects of ancient Chinese civilization persist in modern China.
Historical Continuity
- Unlike other civilizations, Chinese civilization demonstrated continuity through various dynastic changes until the Republic of China established in 1949.
- Cultural and traditional frameworks established in ancient times remain influential today.
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Description
Explore the flourishing of the Chinese civilization along the Huang He River around 1700 BCE. This chapter highlights the geographical isolation and agricultural advancements that led to the development of permanent settlements. Delve into the rich history and cultural significance of this ancient civilization.
