Pagoda Features: Chinese Architecture Characteristics Quiz and Flashcards

Study Notes

Chinese Architecture

Introduction

From ancient timber buildings to modern skyscrapers, Chinese architecture reflects the country's rich history and diverse cultures. This article explores the key aspects of Chinese architecture, including its features, types, decor, and the relationship between buildings and the natural environment.

Features and Styles

Ancient Chinese architecture featured wooden constructions due to the abundance of timber resources. Despite the vulnerability of timber, several ancient structures have survived. For example, the small main hall of Nanchan Temple on Mount Wutai in Shanxi province was built before 782 CE. Brick and stone were also used for defensive walls, arches for gates and bridges, and vaults for tombs.

The elements of traditional Chinese architecture include platforms of pounded earth faced with stone or tile on which post-and-lintel frames are built, roof-supporting brackets and trusses, and tiled roofs themselves. The walls between posts are not load-bearing, and intercolumnar bays may be filled by doors. Upswept eaves at the corners of the Chinese roof reduce excessive overhang at those points. In the 'pavilion concept,' buildings are designed as freestanding rectilinear units, allowing flexibility through increased unit numbers arranged around courtyards.

Types and Styles

Chinese architecture has evolved over time, reflecting different eras and influences. Tang architecture achieved a classic standard characterized by massive proportions and harmonious designs where function met form. Song dynasty architects were more adventurous, incorporating new styles and techniques. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, architectural designs became increasingly refined, often inspired by nature.

Religious buildings played a significant role in shaping Chinese architecture. Buddhist temples followed the imperial style of construction, while Taoist buildings resembled commoners' homes. Muslim architecture combined traditional Chinese and Middle Eastern styles, and Christian churches adopted Western architectural designs.

Decoration and Aesthetics

There was always an emphasis on elegance and colorful decorations in Chinese architecture. Existing examples from ancient times are praised for their beautiful profiles and varied features such as upturned roof corners. Architects paid special attention to color and adornments, using different colors or paintings according to particular building functions or local customs. Carved beams, painted rafters, various patterns, inscribed boards, couplets hung on pillars, and wall paintings were used to add color and beauty to interiors. Stone lions, screen walls, ornamental columns, flowers, and other elements were used to decorate exteriors.

Modern Chinese Architecture

Today, modern buildings are constructed with concrete and steel instead of wood. The Chinese have adopted Western building methods while maintaining traditional styles and incorporating fengshui concepts into design principles. For example, many apartment complexes are built around central courtyards or playgrounds. Despite the shift towards Western architecture, there is still an appreciation for the aesthetic values inherent in ancient Chinese architectural practices.

Description

Explore the rich history and diverse styles of Chinese architecture, from ancient timber buildings to modern skyscrapers. Learn about the key features, types, decor, and the relationship between buildings and the natural environment in Chinese architectural design.