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Questions and Answers
What was the primary subsistence strategy of the Chinchorro people?
What was the primary subsistence strategy of the Chinchorro people?
When did the earliest known mummies from the Chinchorro culture date back to?
When did the earliest known mummies from the Chinchorro culture date back to?
What percentage of the Chinchorro mummies are known to be naturally mummified?
What percentage of the Chinchorro mummies are known to be naturally mummified?
What is significant about the Chinchorro mummies in the context of global archaeology?
What is significant about the Chinchorro mummies in the context of global archaeology?
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Why were water sources important to the Chinchorro people?
Why were water sources important to the Chinchorro people?
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What type of involvement is usually rare in pulmonary TB cases according to the provided content?
What type of involvement is usually rare in pulmonary TB cases according to the provided content?
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What percentage range was identified for the prevalence of pulmonary TB in the Chachapoyan sample?
What percentage range was identified for the prevalence of pulmonary TB in the Chachapoyan sample?
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Which anatomical structures were associated with the lung mass in the provided content?
Which anatomical structures were associated with the lung mass in the provided content?
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What does the term 'ground truth' refer to in the context provided?
What does the term 'ground truth' refer to in the context provided?
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What type of lung mass is mentioned in relation to pulmonary TB?
What type of lung mass is mentioned in relation to pulmonary TB?
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How does the content suggest that the prevalence of TB is often underestimated?
How does the content suggest that the prevalence of TB is often underestimated?
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Which condition is consistent with the radiological findings of calcified lesions in lymph nodes?
Which condition is consistent with the radiological findings of calcified lesions in lymph nodes?
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What unique feature is missing in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB as noted in the content?
What unique feature is missing in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB as noted in the content?
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What was one of the significant changes resulting from the occupation by the Inca?
What was one of the significant changes resulting from the occupation by the Inca?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with the Inca Period mummies from Laguna de los Condores?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the Inca Period mummies from Laguna de los Condores?
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What diagnostic characteristic suggested that the preparation ritual for the mummies was lengthy?
What diagnostic characteristic suggested that the preparation ritual for the mummies was lengthy?
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What condition was identified as requiring further investigation during the analysis of the mummies?
What condition was identified as requiring further investigation during the analysis of the mummies?
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What was the stature of the female mummy analyzed?
What was the stature of the female mummy analyzed?
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What reflects very poor dental health in the osteobiography of the mummy?
What reflects very poor dental health in the osteobiography of the mummy?
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What was the primary method of evisceration noted in the Inca Period mummies?
What was the primary method of evisceration noted in the Inca Period mummies?
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Which of the following was a common indication of pulmonary tuberculosis found in the mummy's osteobiography?
Which of the following was a common indication of pulmonary tuberculosis found in the mummy's osteobiography?
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What is NOT a treatment characteristic observed in the Inca Period mummies?
What is NOT a treatment characteristic observed in the Inca Period mummies?
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In what geographic location are the Chachapoyas found?
In what geographic location are the Chachapoyas found?
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What relation is suggested between the mountain mummy and her family?
What relation is suggested between the mountain mummy and her family?
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What is a common rationale for human sacrifice in historic civilizations?
What is a common rationale for human sacrifice in historic civilizations?
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How does the concept of 'human sacrifice' relate to the idea of value?
How does the concept of 'human sacrifice' relate to the idea of value?
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What distinguishes a retainer sacrifice from other types of sacrifices?
What distinguishes a retainer sacrifice from other types of sacrifices?
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What physiological effects were induced in the mountain mummy as part of the ritual?
What physiological effects were induced in the mountain mummy as part of the ritual?
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What was the initial attitude of the Spaniards toward the Inca mummies?
What was the initial attitude of the Spaniards toward the Inca mummies?
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What was the unique method used by the Incas in preserving their mummies?
What was the unique method used by the Incas in preserving their mummies?
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What happened to the mummy of Viracocha after it was found?
What happened to the mummy of Viracocha after it was found?
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How did the locals view the mummies after the Spanish conquest?
How did the locals view the mummies after the Spanish conquest?
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What was the role of the Spanish magistrate in the context of the Inca mummies?
What was the role of the Spanish magistrate in the context of the Inca mummies?
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What aspect of Spanish colonialism affected the perception of Inca kings?
What aspect of Spanish colonialism affected the perception of Inca kings?
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What is indicated about the burial practices prior to Inca influence in the Late Intermediate Period?
What is indicated about the burial practices prior to Inca influence in the Late Intermediate Period?
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What did the chronicle published by Garcilaso de la Vega achieve regarding Inca mummification?
What did the chronicle published by Garcilaso de la Vega achieve regarding Inca mummification?
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What evidence suggests continuity between mummification and previous burial practices?
What evidence suggests continuity between mummification and previous burial practices?
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What was the main consequence of the Spanish conquest on the local perception of mummies?
What was the main consequence of the Spanish conquest on the local perception of mummies?
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Which group is known to have had its mummies unearthed in Laguna de los Condores?
Which group is known to have had its mummies unearthed in Laguna de los Condores?
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Which practices were primarily associated with the Inca Period from 1470 AD to 1532 AD?
Which practices were primarily associated with the Inca Period from 1470 AD to 1532 AD?
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What was the broader significance of mummification within Inca society?
What was the broader significance of mummification within Inca society?
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What motivated Spaniards to search for the Inca mummies in the first place?
What motivated Spaniards to search for the Inca mummies in the first place?
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Study Notes
Chinchorro Mummies
- Earliest site: Acha - 7000 BC (9000 BP)
- Latest: ca. 1100 BC
- Earliest mummy: Acha Man - 7000 BC
- ~30% of Chinchorro mummies are naturally mummified
- Earliest anthropogenically prepared mummy: ca. 6000-5000 BC
- Earliest anthropogenically prepared mummies in the world
Inca Mummies
- Inca mummies were seen as alive and part of the community pre-Conquest
- Spaniards saw them as deceased kings or idols
- Inca mummies were displayed as curios for 20 years
Chachapoyas Mummies
- Laguna de los Condores site discovered in 1997
- The site contains hundreds of well-preserved mummy bundles
- Some bundles are secondary collections of skeletonized bone dating to the Chachapoyas Period (ca. 800 AD to 1470 AD)
- Some bundles are carefully prepared mummies dating to the Inca Period (ca. 1470 AD to 1532 AD)
- The collection is housed at the Museo Leymebamba, under the direction of The Bioanthropology Foundation Peru - Centro Mallqui
Chachapoyas Mummy (CMA 0218)
- Analysis: extensive radiographic survey done between 1998 & 2001
- Identified as a candidate for further review as a possible case of tuberculosis
- Diagnosis of pulmonary TB based on the radiological and physical examination
- Confirms initial radiological diagnosis
- Suggests that we are significantly underestimating the true prevalence of TB when looking at skeletal data alone
Inca Mountain Mummies
- Analysis found that the child was in excellent health when she died
- She was probably the daughter of a wealthy family
- Treated differently from other children in preparation for ritual sacrifice
- Coca and alcohol were used to induce an “altered state”
Human Sacrifice
- Human sacrifice is a highly specialized and ultimate means of communication affirming relationships between humans and supernatural forces
- The price of exchange between humans and the divine
- A reciprocal act where something embodying the most precious value is given up in order to receive some benefit
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Description
Explore the fascinating history of the Chinchorro and Inca mummies, from the earliest mummification practices around 7000 BC to the rich cultural significance they held in their societies. Learn about the Chachapoyas mummies discovered in 1997 and how they connect to both pre-Inca and Inca periods. This quiz will test your knowledge of these ancient practices and their importance in Andean culture.
