Chinchorro and Inca Mummies Overview
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Chinchorro and Inca Mummies Overview

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary subsistence strategy of the Chinchorro people?

  • Only hunting land mammals
  • Agriculture and livestock farming
  • Nomadic hunting and hiding
  • Sedentary fishing and gathering (correct)

    • When did the earliest known mummies from the Chinchorro culture date back to?

  • Around 3000 BC
  • Just before 1100 BC
  • As early as 7000 BC (correct)
  • Around 6000 BC

    • What percentage of the Chinchorro mummies are known to be naturally mummified?

  • 70%
  • 30% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 50%

    • What is significant about the Chinchorro mummies in the context of global archaeology?

    <p>They are the first anthropogenically prepared mummies in the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were water sources important to the Chinchorro people?

    <p>They were necessary for their fishing practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of involvement is usually rare in pulmonary TB cases according to the provided content?

    <p>Skeletal involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage range was identified for the prevalence of pulmonary TB in the Chachapoyan sample?

    <p>15% to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structures were associated with the lung mass in the provided content?

    <p>Hyoid and cervical mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'ground truth' refer to in the context provided?

    <p>Validation of radiographic findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lung mass is mentioned in relation to pulmonary TB?

    <p>Excised lung mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the content suggest that the prevalence of TB is often underestimated?

    <p>By focusing solely on skeletal data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is consistent with the radiological findings of calcified lesions in lymph nodes?

    <p>Pulmonary TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature is missing in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB as noted in the content?

    <p>Skeletal involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the significant changes resulting from the occupation by the Inca?

    <p>Craft production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with the Inca Period mummies from Laguna de los Condores?

    <p>Bodies wrapped in animal skins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic characteristic suggested that the preparation ritual for the mummies was lengthy?

    <p>Fly casings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition was identified as requiring further investigation during the analysis of the mummies?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the stature of the female mummy analyzed?

    <p>146.4 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflects very poor dental health in the osteobiography of the mummy?

    <p>Kissing lytic lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary method of evisceration noted in the Inca Period mummies?

    <p>Through the anus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a common indication of pulmonary tuberculosis found in the mummy's osteobiography?

    <p>Calcified cervical lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a treatment characteristic observed in the Inca Period mummies?

    <p>Body adorned with precious metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what geographic location are the Chachapoyas found?

    <p>Northern Peru</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relation is suggested between the mountain mummy and her family?

    <p>She was likely the daughter of a wealthy family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common rationale for human sacrifice in historic civilizations?

    <p>To communicate with supernatural forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of 'human sacrifice' relate to the idea of value?

    <p>It represents the most precious value being exchanged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a retainer sacrifice from other types of sacrifices?

    <p>It accompanies a high status individual into the afterlife.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effects were induced in the mountain mummy as part of the ritual?

    <p>A tranquil and compliant state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial attitude of the Spaniards toward the Inca mummies?

    <p>They considered them as mere curiosities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unique method used by the Incas in preserving their mummies?

    <p>Evisceration and desiccation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the mummy of Viracocha after it was found?

    <p>It was burned, and its ashes were preserved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the locals view the mummies after the Spanish conquest?

    <p>As powerful objects of resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the Spanish magistrate in the context of the Inca mummies?

    <p>To collect and round up the mummies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Spanish colonialism affected the perception of Inca kings?

    <p>They were reduced to mere curiosities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated about the burial practices prior to Inca influence in the Late Intermediate Period?

    <p>Secondary burials of dried bundles of bones were common.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the chronicle published by Garcilaso de la Vega achieve regarding Inca mummification?

    <p>It established the Incas as premier mummifiers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests continuity between mummification and previous burial practices?

    <p>Chulpas allowed access to ancestors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main consequence of the Spanish conquest on the local perception of mummies?

    <p>They were regarded as deceased kings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is known to have had its mummies unearthed in Laguna de los Condores?

    <p>Chachapoyas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practices were primarily associated with the Inca Period from 1470 AD to 1532 AD?

    <p>Carefully prepared mummies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the broader significance of mummification within Inca society?

    <p>It upheld ancestral connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated Spaniards to search for the Inca mummies in the first place?

    <p>To claim their gold and treasures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chinchorro Mummies

    • Earliest site: Acha - 7000 BC (9000 BP)
    • Latest: ca. 1100 BC
    • Earliest mummy: Acha Man - 7000 BC
    • ~30% of Chinchorro mummies are naturally mummified
    • Earliest anthropogenically prepared mummy: ca. 6000-5000 BC
      • Earliest anthropogenically prepared mummies in the world

    Inca Mummies

    • Inca mummies were seen as alive and part of the community pre-Conquest
    • Spaniards saw them as deceased kings or idols
    • Inca mummies were displayed as curios for 20 years

    Chachapoyas Mummies

    • Laguna de los Condores site discovered in 1997
    • The site contains hundreds of well-preserved mummy bundles
    • Some bundles are secondary collections of skeletonized bone dating to the Chachapoyas Period (ca. 800 AD to 1470 AD)
    • Some bundles are carefully prepared mummies dating to the Inca Period (ca. 1470 AD to 1532 AD)
    • The collection is housed at the Museo Leymebamba, under the direction of The Bioanthropology Foundation Peru - Centro Mallqui

    Chachapoyas Mummy (CMA 0218)

    • Analysis: extensive radiographic survey done between 1998 & 2001
    • Identified as a candidate for further review as a possible case of tuberculosis
    • Diagnosis of pulmonary TB based on the radiological and physical examination
      • Confirms initial radiological diagnosis
    • Suggests that we are significantly underestimating the true prevalence of TB when looking at skeletal data alone

    Inca Mountain Mummies

    • Analysis found that the child was in excellent health when she died
    • She was probably the daughter of a wealthy family
    • Treated differently from other children in preparation for ritual sacrifice
    • Coca and alcohol were used to induce an “altered state”

    Human Sacrifice

    • Human sacrifice is a highly specialized and ultimate means of communication affirming relationships between humans and supernatural forces
    • The price of exchange between humans and the divine
      • A reciprocal act where something embodying the most precious value is given up in order to receive some benefit

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    Anthropology 2239A - Mummies - Fall 2024/2025 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating history of the Chinchorro and Inca mummies, from the earliest mummification practices around 7000 BC to the rich cultural significance they held in their societies. Learn about the Chachapoyas mummies discovered in 1997 and how they connect to both pre-Inca and Inca periods. This quiz will test your knowledge of these ancient practices and their importance in Andean culture.

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