China and Deforestation: Key Impacts

Managing for Diversity: How Sustainable Forest Management Conserves and Protects Canada's Diverse Forest Values

• Forests are complex ecosystems that include soil, air, water, and living organisms.
• Canada manages forests for diverse values through sustainable forest management (SFM).
• SFM considers both current and future needs.
• Canadian forests hold an array of environmental, economic, social, and cultural values.
• SFM protects and conserves the integrity of forest ecosystems and their inherent values.
• SFM is based on forest science, resource monitoring, reporting, and stakeholder consultations.
• Most public land in Canada is regulated by provincial and territorial governments.
• Forest harvesting on public lands requires a forest management agreement with forest companies.
• Companies must adhere to SFM principles.
• Forest management plans are required and must be approved before harvesting occurs.
• Plans are complex and require input from subject area experts.
• Planning teams are led by registered professional foresters.
• Forest management plans are typically 5-10 years in length and outline objectives for diverse values.
• Public and stakeholder engagement is a key component of the forest management planning process.
• Engagement occurs throughout the development of the plan.
• Local citizen committees are encouraged to have frequent communication with the forest planning team.
• An Integrated Resource Management (IRM) approach can minimize conflicting values.
• Indigenous participation is increasing in management planning, especially where traditional uses and treaty rights may be impacted.
• Formal agreements featuring Indigenous-led forest management zones are in place.
• Forest management planning in most provinces and territories has begun to formally incorporate local and Traditional Knowledge.
• Indigenous communities are progressively acquiring more forest management rights.
• SFM practices and policies improve as new science and data become available or as societal values change.
• There are three forest management certification systems in Canada: Canadian Standards Association (CSA), Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), and Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI).
• Monitoring, knowledge improvement, and advances in technology will increase efficiencies and capabilities in forest management planning.
• Harvesting strategies vary according to composition, structure, and function of Canada's many forest types.
• One SFM pillar is economic values, in which forest harvesting and wood product manufacturing are critical for many communities in Canada, particularly rural and Indigenous communities.
• Tree harvesting is determined through an annual allowable cut (AAC) to maintain wood supply.
• The environmental values pillar includes biodiversity, soils, water protection, and carbon reduction.
• Forest managers emulate natural disturbances, such as maintaining various successional stages of forest development.
• The third SFM pillar is social or cultural values which are significant to many individuals and groups, including Indigenous Peoples.
• The balance of economic, environmental and cultural values changes over time, with environmental values increasingly prioritized.
• Forest management laws, policies, regulations, and management guides are shifting toward prioritizing the ecological well-being of the forest.
• There is a commitment to preserve biodiversity, adopting the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030
• Alternative silviculture options reduce clearcutting, and ecological forestry divides land into zones balancing interests.
• Canadian forests are protected at all government levels.
• Federal acts supporting SFM objectives include the Forestry Act, Species at Risk Act, Migratory Birds Convention Act, and Fisheries Act.
• Old-growth forests are increasingly protected and conserved.
• Conservation areas are increasing, with Canada committed to conserving 30% of its lands and water by 2030.
• Forests play a key role in nature-based climate solutions.
• Canada’s National Adaptation Strategy (NAS) sets out a blueprint to reduce the risk of climate-related disasters, improve health outcomes, protect nature and contribute to workforce and economic sustainability.
• NRCan's Climate Change Adaptation Program (2022-2027) provides funding for projects.

Forest Management and Disturbances: Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators

• In 2022, Canada's forests covered approximately 3.7 million square kilometers, about 40% of Canada's land.
• These forests represent about 9% of world forests.
• The boreal zone has over 2.8 million square kilometers of forest with lakes, wetlands and ecosystems.
• Rich forest ecosystems offer environmental, social, and cultural benefits, and responsible development.
• This study presents data on timber harvest, forest disturbances, and regeneration.
• To ensure continued timber supply harvests must remain sustainable.
• Sustainable wood supply is the timber volume that can be harvested sustainably and is determined by ecological, economic, and social analysis.
• Wood harvested remains at or below sustainable supply limits.
• In 2021, Canada’s sustainable wood supply was about 215 million cubic meters
• In 2021, the harvest was 147 million cubic meters, 68% of the sustainable supply.
• Industrial roundwood harvest peaked at 208 million cubic meters in 2004, declined to 116 million cubic meters in 2009, then Increased to 147 million cubic metres in 2021.
• The harvest pattern reflects economic factors like the US housing market collapse in 2008.
• The 2021 harvest reflects output increases in British Columbia and Quebec.
• Both wood supply and harvest fluctuate based on ecological, social, and economic factors, and supply adjustments stem from changes in provincial forest management objectives like decreases conserve animal habitat.
• Harvest insect-damaged wood to manage management and comparing harvested timber and sustainable harvest.
• Canada commits to sustainable forest management to enhance long-term forest health for all living things while producing environmental, economic, social, and cultural opportunities.
• Forest managers plan harvest levels for long-term environmental, economic, and social sustainability.
• Canada faced about 5,639 fires burning about 16,543 square kilometers of forest in 2022.
• Fire numbers had high point in 1998 while lowest in 2020 for both number of fires and area burned.
• Forests need fire, essential to environmental change with crucial source of forest renewal.
• Fires results in economic and environmental losses and public health and safety concerns and the expectation is that drier conditions will lead to more frequent forest fires in Canada.
• The averages of the total area burned are annually about 25 000 square kilometers
• In 2021, approximately 3 090 or 46% of forest fires over Canada were caused by human activity.
• Forest area disturbed by insects reached 160,000 square kilometers in 2021.
• Vast forest areas are home to thousands of species that recycle nutrients back into the forest
• Defoliation is the removal of most or all of a plants leaves that impacts reduce Canada's timber supply and influence the functioning forest ecosystems.

Sustainability and Timber Harvest

• Wood supply estimation includes the volume of timber sustainably harvested.
• Each province and territory estimates the harvest volume for forests actively used for lumber.
• Territory and Provincial governments can estimate the supply of wood.
• Supply of Wood includes: Volume of industrial Roundwood, The estimated AAC (Annual Allowable Cut).
• Crown lands and publicly owned lands regulated by the provincial jurisdiction.
• Professional foresters estimate volume of industrial roundwood sustainably harvested each year in Provincial Crown forests.
• Volume calculation involves crown forest that calculates additional factors and establishing level on a policy.
• Province determines Annual Allowable cut that may impact the forest management.
• Period regulation for harvest has period from 5 to 10 years set on ecological, social and economic factors for assessment

Making the Case for Sustainable Forest Management Certification

• SFM Certification sustainable forest management introduced to Canada in mid 1990's
• Stringent Canadian laws complemented with credible means of measurement demonstrates Canadian forest meets high standards in sustainable forest management.
• Three certification standards adopted in Canada: CSA Canadian standards Association, FSC forest Stewardship Council, SFI sustainable Forestry Initiative as all three programs are recognized by other nations.
• There 161 million hectares worldwide approved in 2014.
• International programme for endorsement of forest certification is a PEFC umbrella with forest standards, and track from manufacturing to buyers in a certification of chain and is an option for certification.
• A company can verify planning procedures by meeting pre determined criteria to measure performance when using CSA standards.
• Verification includes disclosure requirements, reforestation, obeying rules, laws and that there will be no unauthorised logging

The Paris Agreement

• The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change, adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris on December 12, 2015, and enforced November 4, 2016.
• The main goal is well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels with efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.
• Crossing 1.5°C can cause more frequent and severe droughts, heatwaves and rainfall.
• Limiting global warming to 1.5°C, emissions must peak before 2025 and decline 43% by 2030.
• Implementation requires best science through economic and social transformation.
• There will be increasingly ambitious carried out action on a five-year cycle, the countries will use national climate actions otherwise known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs).
• NDCs will communicate with reduced greenhouse gas emissions and take action in reducing impact of climate change.
• The Paris Agreement has frameworks for building capacity technically and financially to those countries need it.
• Reaffirms developed countries should take the lead in providing the climate finance needed to adapt.
• Developed by fully realizing technology to better resilience the GHG emissions
• Developed will enhance support related to building the climate ability

Implementing Article 5 of the Paris Agreement and achieving climate neutrality through forests: From COFO24 to COP24

• Government representatives, civil society, and international organizations gathered on July 16, 2018 for a side event hosted by Poland’s Presidency for COP24 and FAO.
• High-level side event entitled "Implementing Article 5 of the Paris Agreement and achieving climate neutrality through forests".
• Catalytic and driving role of forests in strengthening efforts to implement the Paris Agreement.
• Article five takes action to conserve and enhance sinks of greenhouse gases.
• It will encourage implementing the Warsaw REDD+ by using sustainable forest management.
• Sustainable Development Goals need systems that leverage for economic growth, acknowledging that food security and natural resources need to be looked together across agricultural sectors.
• Rate of forest loss has been cut by 25% since 2000-2005, with promising proportion of protected forest area.
• Ministerial said without society and communities effective peatland cannot be achieved.
• Emissions levels reduce deforestation, enhancements in livelihoods, biodiversity and adaptation and development are a result.
• The program can support rural communities reliance on diesel fuel to reduce emissions providing them with forest biomass.

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Excerpts

• Biodiversity is fundamental to economic prosperity, human well-being and healthy planet.
• Framework helps in harmony with earth, economic security, water and air, natural disaster.
• The Report and achievements of Science-Based Platform and lessons help broad based changes in the relationship societies' biodiversity.
• Framework targets transformative act by authorities, government to achieve three objective of conservation and promote society.
• Framework is promoted by transparency, accountability and revision to improve the targets of plants based on natural strategies

Climate Adaptation Plan

• USDA Forest Service Climate Adaptation Plan presents a vision for integrating climate change into the Forest Service's operations and mission.
• Response to Executive Order 14008 calling on Federal Departments and agencies to develop climate adaptation plans that secure environmental justice and economic opportunity.
• October 2021 released Action Plan for Climate Adaptation and Resilience to describe how preparing for climate.
• USDA issued departmental regulation to update action to address the major risks along with managing the operations
• National framework to support climate change that requires the action of assessing risks into solving as an adaptation
• Adjustment natural through moderate the effect of climate that has support.
• Tribal engagement, environmental justice action and help with climate action throughout regions.
• Framework will use assessment to take current knowledge to address climate changes

European Forests: How Climate Change Land Ownership and Forest-Related policies Influence Future Wood Supply

• Study analyzes factors affecting future Europe wood supply, with researchers developing response.
• Authors propose response to different wood developments and industry including people.
• Study released by Teamwork Up to for Science business platform founded by International Union of Forest research organizations between stakeholders and value between 100 plus scientists and others.
• Factors influencing wood in European are impacted in climate, forest Health ecosystem with tree spices impacted by bark heated wildfires impacting forest and land use.
• Sensitive climate affecting adaptation measure is a key to adapt.
• More structural diversity forests will use natural species is said by Manfred Lexer from University of Natural Resources.
• Dominant tree species are susceptible to dry add by results.
• Moving biomass may help with dependency

Guide to Chinese Climate Policy 2022

• Almost a quarter of Chinese land mass is forests and plans in forest stock in China's government.
• New for is a monoculture offset in climate impact in domestic factory.
• Located in western Southern part of China on north east in Western provinces.
• Chinese and united nation government is responsible for 23% of China's land.
• For covers decades according to Chinese.
• Million forest sector is the most reported in 2016 to 2020
• Data may be a issue with over report

Explore China's role in global deforestation through carbon emissions, land use changes, and timber imports. Understand the impact of China's Belt and Road Initiative and the biophysical effects of tropical deforestation. Discover threats to old-growth forests.