Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main conflict in Erikson's shame and doubt stage?
What is the main conflict in Erikson's shame and doubt stage?
- Autonomy versus shame (correct)
- Independence versus guilt
- Trust versus mistrust
- Initiative versus inferiority
Which of the following describes egocentrism in children during the preoperational stage?
Which of the following describes egocentrism in children during the preoperational stage?
- Children show signs of emotional independence.
- Children can use abstract reasoning.
- Children consider multiple perspectives simultaneously.
- Children can only understand their own perspective. (correct)
In which stage do children primarily base their understanding of the world on sensory experiences?
In which stage do children primarily base their understanding of the world on sensory experiences?
- Concrete Operational Stage
- Preoperational Stage
- Formal Operational Stage
- Sensorimotor Stage (correct)
At what age does the initiative vs. guilt stage occur according to Erikson's theory?
At what age does the initiative vs. guilt stage occur according to Erikson's theory?
What happens if parents are overly controlling during the shame and doubt stage according to Erikson?
What happens if parents are overly controlling during the shame and doubt stage according to Erikson?
Which of the following is NOT an element of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
Which of the following is NOT an element of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
The industry vs. inferiority stage is characterized by a focus on developing skills in what area?
The industry vs. inferiority stage is characterized by a focus on developing skills in what area?
Lack of object permanence in infants occurs until what age?
Lack of object permanence in infants occurs until what age?
What is the main outcome of consistently meeting a child's physical and psychological needs during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?
What is the main outcome of consistently meeting a child's physical and psychological needs during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?
Which of the following describes uninvolved parents best?
Which of the following describes uninvolved parents best?
Which stage in Erikson's theory involves resolving conflicts that contribute to a child's social development?
Which stage in Erikson's theory involves resolving conflicts that contribute to a child's social development?
What impact does temperament have on parenting styles?
What impact does temperament have on parenting styles?
What best describes Erikson's psychosocial development framework?
What best describes Erikson's psychosocial development framework?
How can the nature of a child's personality affect their upbringing?
How can the nature of a child's personality affect their upbringing?
What is a potential consequence of inconsistent care during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?
What is a potential consequence of inconsistent care during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?
Why are early childhood experiences considered crucial in a child's development?
Why are early childhood experiences considered crucial in a child's development?
What primarily influences differences in development when using identical twins in research?
What primarily influences differences in development when using identical twins in research?
Which research method directly compares individuals of different ages at a single point in time?
Which research method directly compares individuals of different ages at a single point in time?
What does the interactionist position suggest about the development of behaviors?
What does the interactionist position suggest about the development of behaviors?
What is a common limitation when studying the influence of only hereditary factors on behavior?
What is a common limitation when studying the influence of only hereditary factors on behavior?
What can enable individuals to reach their potential capabilities according to hereditary influences?
What can enable individuals to reach their potential capabilities according to hereditary influences?
Which of the following best represents the concept of egocentrism in children?
Which of the following best represents the concept of egocentrism in children?
What aspect of development is primarily addressed by Erikson's psychosocial stages?
What aspect of development is primarily addressed by Erikson's psychosocial stages?
What type of research assesses behavior changes over time within the same group?
What type of research assesses behavior changes over time within the same group?
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Study Notes
Uninvolved Parents
- Uninvolved parenting characterized by emotional detachment and minimal interest in children's lives.
- Parenting seen as merely providing basic needs (food, shelter, clothing).
- Children from uninvolved homes may feel unloved and emotionally disconnected, leading to impeded physical and cognitive development.
- Neglect may manifest in dismissive attitudes towards children’s environment (e.g., indifference towards messy rooms).
Temperament
- Refers to a child's basic, innate disposition appearing early in life.
- Temperaments can be easygoing, irritable, or quiet and may shape parenting styles.
- Child-rearing influenced by parents' philosophies, practices, and both parents’ and children’s personalities.
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
- Describes the social and emotional development of individuals and their interactions as members of society.
- Consists of 8 stages; each requires resolution of a crisis to gain resources for subsequent stages.
First 4 Stages of Erikson’s Theory (Childhood)
- Trust vs. Mistrust Stage (Birth - 1.5 years): Trust develops when needs are consistently met; inconsistency leads to mistrust.
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Stage (1.5 - 3 years): Encouragement fosters independence; harsh restriction leads to shame and doubt.
- Initiative vs. Guilt Stage (3 - 6 years): Children desire independence, but guilt arises from unintended negative consequences.
- Industry vs. Inferiority Stage (6 - 12 years): Development of social skills; struggles can result in feelings of inadequacy.
Cognitive Development
- Understanding of the world evolves with age and experience.
- Jean Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development that children pass through in a set sequence based on maturation and experiences.
Piaget’s Stages
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2 years): Understanding based on sensory exploration; lacks object permanence until around 9 months.
- Preoperational Stage (2 - 7 years): Development of language and use of symbols; egocentric thinking dominates.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Distinction between environmental influences (parents, schooling) and hereditary influences (genetic makeup) in shaping behavior.
- Interactionist perspective emphasizes that both genetic and environmental factors work together to shape development.
- Genetic factors set potential behaviors, while environmental factors can facilitate the realization of that potential.
Determining Influence of Genes and Environment
- Research using lab animals allows control of genetic factors while varied environments test environmental influence.
- Identical twins can show differences in development attributed to environmental variations.
Developmental Research Techniques
- Cross-Sectional Research: Compares behaviors among different age groups at a single point in time.
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