Child Development and Learning Strategies

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Questions and Answers

What is a function of problem behavior classified as 'escape'?

To gain access to a tangible item

To obtain attention from peers

To avoid a challenging task (correct)

To seek sensory stimulation

Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to or predicting challenging behavior?

Instructional strategies

Degree of choice

Physical setting

Student's individual preferences (correct)

Which of the following is a behavioral function that involves obtaining something?

Avoidance of adult attention

To get stimulation from peers (correct)

Escape from social interaction

Rejection of structured activities

What can be included in a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) as a condition that contributes to challenging behavior?

Degree of independence Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is associated with the 'social' function of behavior?

Seeking validation from adults Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior strategy is applicable to all developmental levels listed?

Immediate reinforcers Signup and view all the answers

At what developmental stage does 'First/then Structuring (Premack)' stop being applicable?

It is applicable at all stages Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy primarily focuses on recognizing positive behavior in children?

'Caught being good tickets' Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior strategy is specific to earning points for future reinforcers?

Points for specific behaviors earned for future reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about 'Script training' is true?

It is applicable to ages 2 to 11 years Signup and view all the answers

What type of strategies are emphasized for preventing challenging behaviors?

Teaching new adaptive skills Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a functionally equivalent replacement behavior for a student trying to escape?

Walking away Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reinforcing and expanding current skills in a teaching strategy?

To enhance student capabilities Signup and view all the answers

In the context of work tasks, which of the following is NOT considered a challenging behavior?

Completing tasks diligently Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is encouraged as a replacement when a student is seeking attention?

Following the schedule Signup and view all the answers

During circle time, if a student runs away, which teaching strategy can be applied?

Show a ‘break’ card Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying function of running to the teacher during an activity?

Seeking attention from the teacher Signup and view all the answers

What method can be used to prompt replacement behavior when a student interrupts?

Prompting to raise a hand to speak Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of shaping a new behavior?

To dissect a behavior into smaller, manageable parts. Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of reinforcing 'successive approximations' entail?

Gradually encouraging behaviors that resemble the target behavior. Signup and view all the answers

For which scenario is shaping particularly useful?

For routine tasks with multiple steps performed daily. Signup and view all the answers

In shaping the behavior of wearing headphones, what is the first step?

Touching the headphones. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when shaping behaviors over time?

The risk of creating aversion through forceful prompts. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about shaping as a teaching method?

It encourages gradual learning and adaptation. Signup and view all the answers

Which option is NOT mentioned as a resource for behavior and disability support?

National Center on Student Progress Monitoring. Signup and view all the answers

How should new behaviors ideally be taught according to shaping techniques?

By integrating a series of small achievable goals. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of using invasive prompting during behavior shaping?

It might create resistance or aversion to the task. Signup and view all the answers

Which step follows wearing headphones for 1 second in the shaping sequence?

Wear headphones for 5 seconds. Signup and view all the answers

What type of communication involves the use of sign language?

Symbolic communication Signup and view all the answers

At what developmental stage do children begin to use representational objects?

2-4 years old Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is NOT likely to be successful for pre-logical reasoners?

Card pulling Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'errorless learning' refer to in the context of child engagement?

Teaching in a way that prevents errors from occurring Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy helps to enhance a child's engagement during learning?

Success level activities interspersed with new learning Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement is emphasized for effective learning in young children?

Frequent reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be emphasized when working at a child's developmental level?

Matching familiar content Signup and view all the answers

What effect does reducing the aversiveness of a situation have on student behavior?

Enhances participation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 'sandwiching' preferred activities with non-preferred ones?

To reduce student frustration Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior might a student exhibit in response to a long, perceived hard activity?

Throwing or running away Signup and view all the answers

In early childhood development, what does 'size discrimination' refer to?

Recognizing object sizes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a typical behavior of children aged 2-4 years in learning?

Use of short phrases and labeling Signup and view all the answers

What strategy can be used to concretize the concept of time for children?

Creating meaningful schedules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of presymbolic communication?

Body movements Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction

Observation of minutiae is essential for understanding the functions behind problem behaviors.
Key areas to consider: Obtaining/getting, escaping/avoiding, and rejecting.

Influencing Hypothesis Statements

Environment: physical setting, instruction, schedules, independence, social interaction, and choice.
Child Development: consider the child's developmental stage and related skills.

Early-late sensory motor stages (under 24 months) involve skills like visual searching, reaching, grasping, mouthing, waving, banging, showing, and object disappearance understanding.
Development during 2-4 years old includes the ability to represent things using symbols like photos, pictures, words, and text.
Skills at this age include labeling, matching, classifying, and some size and quantity discrimination.

Pre-Logical Reasoners

Pre-logical reasoners benefit from strategies like teaching "the rule is," frequent reinforcement, first/then structures, teaching routines, modeling, script training, reduced instructional language, and step-by-step instruction.
It's unlikely for them to benefit from card pulling, points for long-term reinforcement, complex self-evaluation, behavior contracts, group reinforcers, or following very detailed schedules.

Prevention Strategies

Prevention strategies aim to eliminate or reduce behavior challenges.
They work by changing antecedents, reducing situation aversiveness, increasing engagement, and providing opportunities to gradually increase demands.

Matching Strategies to Behavior Function and Developmental Level

Matching behavior strategies to behavior function and developmental level is essential for success.
Strategies include:
- Teaching "the rule is..."
- First/then structuring (Premack)
- Immediate social and tangible reinforcers.
- Script training.

Shaping a New Behavior

Shaping breaks down a behavior into smaller, manageable components, reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior.
Shaping is useful for multiple-step tasks that occur frequently.

Resources and Training

Resources for behavior and disability support include PENT, Institute on Violence and Destructive Behavior, Learning Disabilities Association of America, AAIDD, and the National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders.
Resources for data collection and graphing include the National Center on Student Progress Monitoring, Intervention Central, Chart Dog, and ClassDojo.
Training evaluation forms are available to receive a certificate and sign up for live Q&A sessions.

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Description

This quiz focuses on key concepts in child development, particularly relating to problem behaviors and the developmental stages from infancy to early childhood. It explores observation techniques, environmental influences, and effective teaching strategies for pre-logical reasoners. Test your understanding of these essential developmental milestones and learning concepts.