Chapter 6 and 7

When children generally avoid making the A-not-B error, they                      .

According to Vygotsky,                      is required for cognitive development.

When it comes to learning language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is                      .

Which is an example of overextension?

Research on language development has shown that                      .

Which emotion does NOT appear until toddlerhood?

The capacity of toddlers to think about themselves as they would about other people and objects is called                      .

When children can identify themselves and others as either male or female, they have developed                      .

When Sophie was placed in the Strange Situation, she used her mother as a secure base to explore and became upset when her mum left the room. When they were reunited Sophie smiled and was happy. Sophie would be classified as having                      .

Research has shown that a child with a(n)                      attachment is most likely to have later problems such as hostility, psychopathology and cognitive deficits.

Which of the following best describes attachment across cultures?

In developed countries, fathers would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with their infants or toddlers?

During toddlerhood,                      .

Which behaviour would be most characteristic of a child who has been diagnosed with autism?

Research on media has shown that                      .

During early childhood,                       .

Your cousin has a 5-year-old son and a 3-year-old daughter. He has been taking them to story time at the library, but his daughter is having a very difficult time sitting still, even for 10 minutes. His son is able to sit through the entire story time because his                        is more fully developed than his sister’s.

Limited autobiographical memory prior to age 5 is probably due to incomplete myelination of the                       .

Walter is a 5-year-old boy who lives in New Zealand. Based on the research, if he has a nutritional problem it is most likely to be                       .

Accidental injury among young children                       .

In early childhood (from age 3 to 6),                       .

Imagine that you have just walked into a classroom during art time and all the children in this particular class are 5 years old. What would you most likely see?

A child who is left-handed                       .

A preference for using one hand rather than the other (‘handedness’) can be seen as early as                       .

Which of the following is TRUE regarding handedness?

In Piagetian theory, which of the following is the term to describe when a child’s focus is on only one characteristic of a cognitive problem?

Five-year-old Marco draws a picture of a sun with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of                       .

Which of the following is TRUE regarding theory of mind?

According to your text, what is one of the factors that make cultural learning in developed countries different from cultural learning in traditional cultures?

­Learning to set the table in a developed country, such as New Zealand, or to help prepare food in a non-traditional culture, such as Botswana, are examples of cultural learning. According to Vygotsky, these skills                       .

While learning language, children who learn English and other Western languages have been shown to fast map                        first.

Which of the following is TRUE?

In Berko’s (1958) classic experiment, she showed young children a picture of a figure called a ‘wug’ and then showed them two of these figures. She then asked them to respond to the following statement: ‘Now there are two                       ’. Berko was measuring children’s understanding of what?

Four-year-old Nicco uses infant-directed speech when talking to his neighbour’s new baby. This demonstrates                       .

Which of the following is TRUE regarding emotional regulation?

In early childhood,                       .

Gender identity                       .

The way we organise and process information in terms of gender-based categories is referred to as                       .

Chris realised that even though the teacher dressed up like Michael Jackson for Halloween, she is still a female. Based on this information, one would expect that Chris                       .

As a parent of a 3-year-old, you have visited several preschool programs to determine the one that will provide the highest-quality experience. Which of the following should NOT be heavily weighted in your decision about which preschool to choose?

For the Japanese,                       .

There is a broad consensus among early childhood scholars that preschool teaching should be based on                       .

­Te Whāriki, the early childhood curriculum of New Zealand, incorporates all of the following EXCEPT:

Which characteristics of quality child care and preschool settings were associated with better literacy and numeracy skills and more prosocial and fewer problem behaviours?

Research on parenting has found that                       .

If parents listen receptively to opinions from their children, their parenting style is considered to be                       .

The dimension of parenting known as responsiveness is also known as                       .

The use of shame as a punishment                       .

Which of the following is the most accurate statement based on existing research?

Lucien is still cared for mainly by his mother, who just recently stopped breastfeeding. He also spends a lot of time with his older siblings and the older children who live nearby. When he is distressed, the older children comfort him if the mother is not in the vicinity. Using Mead’s classification, Lucien would be considered a                       .

Hyejin is an only child from China. Which of the following is most likely TRUE?

Based on the research, which of the following is most likely TRUE of Sebastian, a 4-year-old American male?

Which of the following would you most likely see 5-year-olds doing in a playground in a Western culture?

Which of the following is TRUE regarding media use in early childhood?

Which of the following best describes the physical changes that take place during early childhood?

­The limited memory for personal events and experiences prior to age 5 is probably due to incomplete myelination of the                       .

The two most common types of nutritional deficiencies in developing countries are a lack of protein and                       .

How does motor development change between ages 3 and 6?

Which of the following statements about handedness is most accurate?

A 5-year-old child draws a yellow sun in the upper corner of her paper complete with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of                       .

Which of the following is TRUE regarding theory of mind?

Cultural learning skills, such as learning to set the table in a developed country or to help prepare food in a traditional culture,                       .

Young children’s use of grammar                       .

A 4-year-old using infant-directed speech when talking to her neighbour’s new baby demonstrates                       .

A key reason emotional outbursts decline in early childhood is that children                       .

Which of the following statements accurately describes moral development in early childhood?

The process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemas and their behaviour is referred to as                       .

As a parent of a 3-year-old, you have visited several preschool programs to determine the one that will provide the highest-quality experience. Which of the following should be important in your decision about which preschool to pick, according to research?

In Japan,                       .

Research on parenting has found that                       .

Which of the following is the most accurate statement based on existing research?

The use of shame as a form of discipline                       .

Which of the following is TRUE regarding siblings?

If you were a researcher observing play among 5-year-old children in New Zealand, what would you be most likely to observe?

Screen time during young childhood                       .

During middle childhood                     .

During middle childhood,                      sharply increases.

During middle childhood, there is an increase in myelination of the                      that accelerates the reaction time for both boys and girls.

For 6-year-old Emmanuel, which of the following fine motor tasks is developmentally appropriate?

By the time Shawna has reached the end of middle childhood, what abilities are close to adult maturity?

What is the current understanding of how genetics influences obesity?

Rates of childhood obesity                     .

Your neighbours eat out quite a bit, and most of it is fast food. Their 8-year-old daughter is obese with a BMI of 24. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

In developed countries,                     .

Which of the following is not a trigger for an asthma attack?

Maurice is 8 years old and is shown two round balls of clay that are equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape. When asked, ‘Which has more clay?’, he will likely reply:

Marina is 9 years old and is capable of concrete operational thought. Like most other children her age, she should                     .

ADHD is usually treated with                     .

Selective attention

Both Gardner’s and Sternberg’s theories of intelligence propose                     .

Compared to her brother in Year 1, Fari, a 9-year-old in Year 4, will be MORE likely to                     .

After his brother accidentally put the cereal in the refrigerator, Carl heard his father say, ‘Well, that was smart.’ Carl understood that his father was not giving his brother a compliment and it did not mean that his brother was especially intelligent. This is an example of increased understanding of                     .

Children who are bilingual                     .

In New Zealand, the most common language spoken is                     .

Which statement best describes the history of education in New Zealand?

Which of the following is one of several features of Asian schools that reflect collectivistic cultural beliefs?

Indigenous Australian and Māori students reported that from their perspective, this one thing would contribute to improved academic achievement.

Josie is having difficulty in understanding numbers and learning basic arithmetic facts. Josie is likely to have

Kara is a primary school teacher and has a number of posters on her wall to help her students read. The poster that reads ‘an says can’ is most likely to be which reading approach?

During middle childhood,                     .

Dr Marinello is using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) method for her research. She is most likely measuring                     .

Which of the following statements reflects the self-concept of a child who is 7 years old?

When compared to her 6-year-old sister, Isabelle, who is in Year 8, is more likely to describe herself in terms of                      characteristics.

During middle childhood,                     .

Which of the following best illustrates co-regulation?

Which of the following statements about families is TRUE?

In middle childhood,                      becomes the main reason for children ending friendships.

Around the world, child labour                     .

Which of the following statements is NOT a concern expressed by parents when their child excessively uses screens?

Which best describes sensory changes during middle childhood?

Rates of overweight and obesity                     .

In developed countries,                     .

In middle childhood,                     .

By the end of middle childhood,                     .

When capable of concrete operational thought, children                     .

In Australia, children are diagnosed with ADHD initially by a                     .

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)                     .

Research on reading and maths skills has                     .

Compared to younger children, those in middle childhood                     .

Compared to single-language children, those who are bilingual                     .

Asian schoolchildren                     .

During middle childhood,                     .

A 9-year-old boy from a collectivistic culture, such as Japan, would be most likely to describe himself as                     .

In terms of gender development, during middle childhood,                     .

Which of the following best illustrates co-regulation?

Sam is neither popular nor actively disliked by his classmates. In fact, the other students often forget that he is there. Sam is most likely to be a                      child.

Child labour                     .

Watching violent television in middle childhood has been                     .