Child Abuse Quiz: Physical and Emotional Abuse

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following actions is considered physical abuse against a child?

Ignoring a child's needs

Shaking a child (correct)

Withholding affection

Yelling at a child

What changed in the legislation regarding child assault after 2006?

All assaults against children became a criminal offence. (correct)

Emotional abuse was criminalized for the first time.

Physical abuse cases were reviewed by a different court.

Parents were allowed to use physical punishment.

What defense is available for parents who commit common assault on their children?

Parental authority

Necessity to discipline

Reasonable punishment (correct)

Emotional reasoning

Which of the following is NOT considered emotional abuse?

Providing harsh physical discipline Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if there are concerns regarding a child's emotional well-being without suspicions of a criminal offence?

Refer to social services Signup and view all the answers

How is physical abuse primarily covered legally in relation to children?

By assault offences outlined in the Offences against the Person Act 1861. Signup and view all the answers

What form can emotional abuse take that directly impacts a child's development?

Over-protection that smothers development Signup and view all the answers

What does the absence of a specific offence definition for emotional abuse imply?

It is always addressed alongside other forms of abuse. Signup and view all the answers

What does Article 3 primarily focus on?

Parents or guardians taking or sending a child out of the UK Signup and view all the answers

Which individuals are subject to regulation under Article 4?

Parents, guardians, and other persons Signup and view all the answers

What role do Child Abduction Warning Notices (CAWNs) play?

They can assist in future prosecutions and disrupt exploitative behavior. Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario might a Child Abduction Warning Notice be issued?

When someone is suspected of encouraging a child to stay away from their guardians Signup and view all the answers

What must a constable have to believe before removing a child into police protection?

Reasonable cause to believe the child would likely suffer significant harm Signup and view all the answers

What does CSE stand for in the context of child protection?

Child Sexual Exploitation Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Reasonable Cause to Believe' indicate regarding police intervention?

It requires a belief based on substantial evidence rather than mere suspicion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)?

Participation in school sports Signup and view all the answers

Who has the authority to issue a CAWN based on an officer's observations?

A Sergeant in the relevant Public Protection Branch Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'Significant Harm'?

A matter for assessment or judgement that varies with each case. Signup and view all the answers

How should a police constable respond after taking a child into police protection?

Secure an inquiry into the case by a designated officer. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of individuals allowing children into their company without parental knowledge?

It can lead to children being reported missing and at risk of harm. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered suitable accommodation for a child taken into police protection?

A police station Signup and view all the answers

What does the necessity aspect in the context of police protection refer to?

The belief that the child would suffer significant harm without intervention. Signup and view all the answers

What role does a designated officer play after a child is taken into police protection?

They conduct the primary investigation into the case. Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal age defined as a 'child' under the legislation mentioned?

Under 18 years of age Signup and view all the answers

What conditions must be met for Article 68 to apply?

The child must be in care, subject to an emergency protection order, or in police protection. Signup and view all the answers

Who can be considered 'the responsible person' for a child under care or protection orders?

Any person having care of the child due to a legal order. Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances can reasonable force be used according to Section 3 of The Criminal Law Act 1967?

To prevent crime. Signup and view all the answers

What does Article 3(1) of the Child Abduction (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 pertain to?

Taking or sending a child out of the UK without proper consent. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for the application of Article 68?

The child is living with a family member. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence if someone removes a child under the circumstances outlined in Article 68?

They have committed an offence under Article 68. Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered a 'person connected' with a child under the age of 16 in terms of Article 3(1)?

A parent, guardian, or custodian of the child. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the nature of the powers granted by Article 65?

It grants authority to take reasonable steps to prevent a child’s removal. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main requirement for someone to be guilty of assaulting a child under 13 by penetration?

The penetration must be intentional and sexual. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sexual assault of a child under 13 is incorrect?

The child must be under 16 years old. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum imprisonment term for causing or inciting a child under 13 to engage in sexual activity, if the activity does not involve penetration?

6 months imprisonment. Signup and view all the answers

How does the offence of assaulting a child under 13 differentiate from other sexual offences?

It specifically excludes penetration of the mouth. Signup and view all the answers

What must be proven for someone to be convicted of the offence of sexual assault of a child under 13?

The touching was sexual and intentional. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of an offence under Article 15 concerning incitement?

The activity must involve sexual penetration. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the offence of sexual assault from the offence of assault by penetration regarding a child under 13?

One involves touching, and the other involves penetration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the penalty for a conviction of assault of a child under 13 by penetration?

Imprisonment for life. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Physical Abuse

Deliberately physically hurting a child
Includes hitting, biting, pinching, shaking, throwing, poisoning, burning or scalding, drowning or suffocating a child
Offence is covered under assault offences within the Offences against the Person Act 1861
Assaulting a child is a criminal offence
Prior to 2006 there was a presumption that parents were entitled to discipline their children as long as it was reasonable
Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 changed the legislation to make any assault of a child a criminal offence
Assault resulting in AOABH level injury or worse is an offence with no defence available
Common assault is still an offence but a defence of reasonable punishment is available

Emotional Abuse

No criminal offence of emotional abuse
Described as the persistent emotional ill-treatment of a child
Causes severe and persistent adverse effects on the child’s emotional development
Conveying to a child that they are worthless, inadequate or unloved
Can include exploitation, corruption, causing children to feel frightened, or in danger
Smothering a child’s development through over-protection can also be emotional abuse

Removal and Accommodation of Children by Police in Cases of Emergency

Police officers can take a child into police protection to safeguard a child deemed at risk of significant harm
Constable must have reasonable cause to believe that a child would otherwise be likely to suffer significant harm
Constable can remove the child to suitable accommodation and keep them there or take steps to ensure that the child's removal from any hospital, or other place, in which they are being accommodated is prevented
Constable must secure that the case is inquired into by a designated officer as soon as reasonably practicable after taking a child into police protection
‘Constable’ means any rank of police officer
‘Child’ means a person under 18 years of age
‘Reasonable Cause to Believe’ is harder to satisfy than ‘reasonable grounds to suspect’
‘Otherwise be Likely’ means that the reasonable belief is that if police protection is not exercised then the child would suffer significant harm
‘Significant Harm’ will be assessed or judged on a case-by-case basis
‘Suitable Accommodation’ is not a police station.
Suitable Accommodation could be:
- social services
- a family member

Child Abduction (Northern Ireland) Order 1985

Article 3(1) of this order covers situations where a ‘person connected’ with a child under the age of 16 takes or sends the child out of the United Kingdom, without the ‘appropriate consent'
‘Person connected’ with a child is generally a parent, guardian or person with custody of the child
‘Appropriate consent’ is that of the other parent, the guardian, person with custody of the child or of a court
Offence is normally committed where parents (or family members acting as guardians) take or send the child out of the UK
Article 4(1) of this order covers situations where any person, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, takes or detains a child under the age of 16 to either remove the child from the lawful control of any person having lawful control of the child, or to keep the child out of the lawful control of any person entitled to have lawful control
Articles 3 and 4 applies to under 16’s
Article 3 applies to parents or guardians taking or sending the child out of the UK
Article 4 applies to ‘other persons’ (those other than mentioned in Art 3) taking or detaining a child
Article 68 of The Children (NI) Order 1995 applies to under 18’s
Article 26 PACE power of arrest applies

Child Abduction Warning Notice (CAWN)

Individuals allowing children to be in their company may encourage them to go missing or to stay away from their parents/guardians/carers
CAWN may result in the severance or disruption of contact between the child/young person and the person of concern
CAWN assists evidentially in the future prosecution pursuant to Article 4 Child Abduction (NI) Order 1985 or Article 68 Children (NI) Order 1995
May be used to prevent a person successfully raising defences (age of child and permission from parent/carer)
The decision to issue a CAWN on a person is made by the Sergeant in the relevant PPB

Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)

CSE is the intentional ill-treatment, manipulation or abuse of power and control over a child or young person
Includes taking selfish or unfair advantage of a child or young person or situation, for personal gain
May manifest itself in many forms such as child labour, slavery, servitude, and engagement in criminal activity, begging, benefit or other financial fraud or child trafficking

Assault of a Child under 13 by Penetration

Person commits an offence if they intentionally penetrate the vagina or anus of another person with a part of his body or anything else and the penetration is sexual and the other person is under 13
Person guilty of an offence under this Article is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for life
This offence only includes penetration of the vagina or anus and not the mouth

Sexual Assault of a Child under 13

Person commits an offence if they intentionally touches another person and the touching is sexual and the other person is under 13
Person guilty of an offence under this Article is liable, on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or both
On conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years

Causing or Inciting a Child under 13 to Engage in Sexual Activity

Person commits an offence if they intentionally cause or incite another person (B) to engage in an activity, the activity is sexual, and B is under 13
Person guilty of the activity is liable on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for life if the the activity caused or incited
This offence only includes penetration of the vagina or anus and not the mouth

Key Learning Points

Assaulting a child is a criminal offence
Emotional abuse is not a criminal offence but is prevalent with all other forms of abuse
Article 65 of the Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995 allows police officers to take vulnerable children into police protection
Article 3(1) of The Child Abduction (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 covers situations where a ‘person connected’ with a child under the age of 16 takes or sends the child out of the United Kingdom, without the ‘appropriate consent'
Article 4(1) of The Child Abduction (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 covers situations where any person, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, takes or detains a child under the age of 16 either to remove the child from the lawful control of any person having lawful control of the child, or to keep the child out of the lawful control of any person entitled to have lawful control
Consent is not a defence for the offences under Articles 13, 14 and 15 of the Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995

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Description

Test your knowledge of child abuse, including the definitions and legal implications of physical and emotional abuse. This quiz covers key legislation, types of offenses, and the impact of abuse on children's development. Understand the current laws and protections in place to safeguard children.