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Questions and Answers
Match the following atomic particles with their properties:
Match the following atomic particles with their properties:
Protons = Positively charged particles in the nucleus Neutrons = Neutral particles in the nucleus Electrons = Negatively charged particles in electron cloud Ions = Charged atoms due to loss or gain of electrons
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Atomic Number = Number of protons in an atom Mass Number = Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom Isotopes = Atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons Valence Electrons = Electrons in the outermost energy level
Match the types of radiation with their descriptions:
Match the types of radiation with their descriptions:
Alpha = Heavy particles consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons Beta = Light particles, often electrons Gamma = High-energy electromagnetic radiation Radioactive Decay = Process of an unstable atomic nucleus losing energy
Match the following groups of elements with their characteristics:
Match the following groups of elements with their characteristics:
Match the following processes with their characteristics:
Match the following processes with their characteristics:
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
- Nucleus: Central part of an atom, contains protons and neutrons.
- Electrons: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus.
- Protons: Positively charged particles located in the nucleus; define the element.
- Neutrons: Neutral particles in the nucleus; contribute to atomic mass.
Atomic Properties
- Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom; determines the element.
- Mass Number: Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- Isotopes: Variants of an element with the same number of protons but different neutrons.
Electron Configuration
- Electron Cloud: Region around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found.
- Energy Levels: Specific layers where electrons reside, each with a fixed energy state.
Periodic Table Organization
- Period: Horizontal rows in the periodic table; elements have the same number of energy levels.
- Group: Vertical columns in the periodic table; elements share similar chemical properties.
Ionic and Radioactive Concepts
- Ion: Atom with a net charge due to loss or gain of electrons.
- Negatively Charged Ion (Anion): Formed when an atom gains electrons.
- Positively Charged Ion (Cation): Formed when an atom loses electrons.
- Radioactivity: Process by which unstable atomic nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation.
- Radioactive Decay: The process of an unstable nucleus transforming into a more stable one.
Types of Radiation
- Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles; consists of two protons and two neutrons.
- Beta Particles: High-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons emitted during decay.
- Gamma Rays: High-frequency electromagnetic radiation released during radioactive decay.
Nuclear Processes
- Half-Life: Time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay.
- Nuclear Fission: Splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller parts, releasing energy.
- Nuclear Fusion: Combining of light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy.
Radiation Exposure
- Background Radiation: Natural radiation from cosmic rays, soil, and rocks present in the environment.
- Radioactive Tracer: Radioactive isotopes used to track or diagnose processes in biological or mechanical systems.
Element Categories
- Metals: Typically malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity.
- Nonmetals: Elements that are poor conductors; can gain electrons easily.
- Metalloids: Elements with properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.
Valence Electrons and Groups
- Valence Electrons: Electrons in the outermost shell; determine reactivity and bonding behavior.
- Noble Gas: Group 18 elements; characterized by a full valence shell, making them mostly inert.
- Alkali Metals: Group 1 elements; highly reactive, especially with water.
- Alkaline Earth Metals: Group 2 elements; reactive, but less so than alkali metals.
- Halogens: Group 17 elements; very reactive nonmetals that readily form salts with metals.
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