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Questions and Answers
What is the main reason for the irregular variation of ionisation enthalpies?
Which of the following is a stronger reducing agent?
What is the electronic configuration of M^2+ ion (Z = 27)?
Why can oxygen or fluorine oxidise a metal to its highest oxidation state?
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Why is Cu^+ ion not stable in aqueous solutions?
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What is the reason for the actinoid contraction being greater than lanthanoid contraction?
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What is the spin-only magnetic moment of Co^2+ (Z = 27)?
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Why is the higher stability of Cu^2+ in aqueous solution attributed to?
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Why is silver considered a transition element?
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Why does zinc have the lowest enthalpy of atomisation in the 3d series?
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Which transition metal exhibits the largest number of oxidation states?
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Why is the E° (M2+/M) value for copper positive?
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What is the reason for the irregular variation of ionisation enthalpies in the first series of transition elements?
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Which of the following transition metals does not exhibit variable oxidation states?
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What is the reason for the low enthalpy of atomisation of zinc?
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Which of the following is not a factor affecting the E° (M2+/M) value?
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Study Notes
Transition Elements
- Silver (Z = 47) can exhibit +2 oxidation state, which means it has incompletely filled d-orbitals (4d), making it a transition element.
- Zinc (Z = 30) has the lowest enthalpy of atomisation in the series Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30) because no electrons from 3d-orbitals are involved in the formation of metallic bonds.
Oxidation States
- Manganese (Z = 25) exhibits the largest number of oxidation states (+2 to +7) due to the maximum number of unpaired electrons in the d-subshell.
Electrochemistry
- The E ° (M²⁺ / M) value for copper is positive (+0.34 V) because of its high enthalpy of ionisation and low enthalpy of hydration.
- The E ° (Cu²⁺ / Cu) value is related to the sum of the enthalpy change taking place in the following steps: atomisation, ionisation, and hydration.
Ionisation Enthalpies
- The irregular variation of ionisation enthalpies in the first series of transition elements is attributed to the varying degree of stability of different 3d configurations (e.g., d⁰, d³, d¹⁰ are exceptionally stable).
Highest Oxidation State
- The highest oxidation state of a metal is exhibited in its oxide or fluoride due to the small size and high electronegativity of oxygen or fluorine.
Reducing Agents
- Cr²⁺ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe²⁺ because after losing one electron, Cr²⁺ becomes Cr³⁺, which has a more stable t2g³ half-filled configuration in a medium like water.
Magnetic Moment
- The spin-only magnetic moment of Co²⁺ (Z = 27) can be calculated using the electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d⁷.
- The spin-only magnetic moment (μ) is given by the formula: μ = √(n(n + 2)) ⋅ BM.
Stability of Ions
- Cu⁺ ion is not stable in aqueous solutions because it undergoes disproportionation to form a more stable Cu²⁺ ion.
- The higher stability of Cu²⁺ in aqueous solution is attributed to its greater negative hydration enthalpy, which compensates for the second ionisation enthalpy of Cu involved in the formation of Cu²⁺ ions.
Actinoid Contraction
- Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction because the 5f electrons themselves provide poor shielding from element to element in the series.
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Description
Quiz about transition elements, oxidation states, and enthalpy of atomization, covering silver and zinc elements.
