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Questions and Answers
What is the octet rule?
What is the octet rule?
- Atoms seek to have eight valence electrons to achieve stability. (correct)
- Atoms can only share electrons with other atoms.
- Atoms always lose all their electrons.
- All atoms have the same number of valence electrons.
How do ionic bonds typically form?
How do ionic bonds typically form?
- By the sharing of electrons between nonmetals.
- Through the transfer of valence electrons from metals to nonmetals. (correct)
- By the loss of protons from an atom.
- By the gain of neutrons in an atom.
What happens to atoms when they form positively charged ions?
What happens to atoms when they form positively charged ions?
- They gain electrons.
- They increase their number of protons.
- They share their electrons with other atoms.
- They lose electrons. (correct)
Which statement about covalent bonds is correct?
Which statement about covalent bonds is correct?
Which gas has a stable configuration with only 2 valence electrons?
Which gas has a stable configuration with only 2 valence electrons?
What is the name of the compound CaO?
What is the name of the compound CaO?
Which of the following correctly identifies the anion in Al2O3?
Which of the following correctly identifies the anion in Al2O3?
What is the ionic charge of magnesium in MgCl2?
What is the ionic charge of magnesium in MgCl2?
How are transition metals with variable charge named?
How are transition metals with variable charge named?
What is the correct name for Cu2+?
What is the correct name for Cu2+?
What is the correct formula for the ionic compound formed from Na+ and O2−?
What is the correct formula for the ionic compound formed from Na+ and O2−?
What is the total charge of the ions in MnF2 when accounting for charge balance?
What is the total charge of the ions in MnF2 when accounting for charge balance?
In the compound formed by Al3+ and Cl−, what is the correct formula?
In the compound formed by Al3+ and Cl−, what is the correct formula?
For the ionic compound Mg2+ and N3−, which formula is correct?
For the ionic compound Mg2+ and N3−, which formula is correct?
Which transition metal forms only one type of ion?
Which transition metal forms only one type of ion?
What is the correct name of the anion Cl−?
What is the correct name of the anion Cl−?
How many chloride ions are needed to balance one barium ion in Ba2+ and Cl−?
How many chloride ions are needed to balance one barium ion in Ba2+ and Cl−?
Which of the following is true about the charge balance in MgCl2?
Which of the following is true about the charge balance in MgCl2?
What are the charges of the ions in the compound Na2S?
What are the charges of the ions in the compound Na2S?
How does a cation differ from a neutral atom?
How does a cation differ from a neutral atom?
What is the correct method to derive the formula for sodium nitride from Na+ and N3−?
What is the correct method to derive the formula for sodium nitride from Na+ and N3−?
What is the electron configuration of a sodium ion (Na+)?
What is the electron configuration of a sodium ion (Na+)?
Why do metals tend to form positive ions?
Why do metals tend to form positive ions?
When writing the ionic formula for a compound with barium ions and chloride ions, what relationship must be established for charge balance?
When writing the ionic formula for a compound with barium ions and chloride ions, what relationship must be established for charge balance?
What is a characteristic of an anion?
What is a characteristic of an anion?
Which group of metals forms a cation with a charge of 2+?
Which group of metals forms a cation with a charge of 2+?
What happens to the valence electrons of a magnesium atom when it forms an ion?
What happens to the valence electrons of a magnesium atom when it forms an ion?
How does the charge of an electron relate to the charge of an ion?
How does the charge of an electron relate to the charge of an ion?
Which process leads to the formation of an ionic bond?
Which process leads to the formation of an ionic bond?
What is the charge of the ammonium ion (NH4+)?
What is the charge of the ammonium ion (NH4+)?
Which of the following polyatomic ions has a charge of 2−?
Which of the following polyatomic ions has a charge of 2−?
What is the systematic naming convention for polyatomic ions with one less oxygen than the '-ate' ion?
What is the systematic naming convention for polyatomic ions with one less oxygen than the '-ate' ion?
When writing the formula for sodium phosphate, what is the correct subscripts for the sodium cation (Na+)?
When writing the formula for sodium phosphate, what is the correct subscripts for the sodium cation (Na+)?
Which of the following shows the correct formula for aluminum bicarbonate?
Which of the following shows the correct formula for aluminum bicarbonate?
The name for the nitrite ion is based on which pattern?
The name for the nitrite ion is based on which pattern?
Which of the following correctly represents the bicarbonate ion?
Which of the following correctly represents the bicarbonate ion?
Which cation is paired with the sulfate ion when forming a compound?
Which cation is paired with the sulfate ion when forming a compound?
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Study Notes
The Octet Rule
- Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share valence electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration like noble gases, having 8 valence electrons, known as the octet rule.
- Helium is an exception, being stable with 2 valence electrons.
Ions
- Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons, resulting in a charge.
- Cations are positively charged ions formed when atoms lose electrons, having more protons than electrons.
- Anions are negatively charged ions formed when atoms gain electrons, having fewer protons than electrons.
Ionic Bonds
- Formed when valence electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom.
- Occurs between metals and nonmetals to achieve an octet.
Covalent Bonds
- Formed when nonmetal atoms share valence electrons to attain noble gas configuration.
- Occurs between nonmetal atoms to achieve an octet.
Formation of Positive Ions
- Metals form positive ions by losing their valence electrons.
- Group 1A(1) metals form ions with a 1+ charge, Group 2A(2) metals form ions with a 2+ charge, and Group 3A(3) metals form ions with a 3+ charge.
Formation of Negative Ions
- Nonmetals achieve an octet by gaining electrons.
- Group 17(7) nonmetals form ions with a 1- charge, Group 16(6) nonmetals form ions with a 2- charge, and Group 15(5) nonmetals form ions with a 3- charge.
Charge Balance
- Ionic compounds are neutral, meaning the positive charges from cations must equal the negative charges from anions.
- The subscripts in the chemical formula of ionic compounds represent the number of ions needed for charge balance.
- For example, in MgCl2, 1 Magnesium ion (Mg2+) and 2 Chlorine ions (Cl-) are needed to achieve charge balance.
Naming Ionic Compounds
- The name of the cation (metal) is written first, followed by the anion (nonmetal) with the ending changed to "-ide."
- For example, NaCl is named sodium chloride.
Transition Metals and Variable Charge
- Many transition metals form two or more positive ions, resulting in variable charges.
- Roman numerals are used in the name to specify the charge of the metal ion.
- For example, FeCl2 is Iron(II) chloride, indicating the iron ion has a 2+ charge.
Polyatomic Ions
- Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that act as a single unit with an overall charge.
- Many common polyatomic anions end in "-ate" or "-ite," indicating different numbers of oxygen atoms.
- For example, nitrate (NO3-) has more oxygen atoms than nitrite (NO2-).
Naming Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
- The name of the cation is written first, followed by the name of the polyatomic anion.
- For example, Na2SO4 is sodium sulfate.
Writing Formulas for Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
- Identify the cation and the polyatomic ion.
- Balance the charges by determining the number of each ion needed.
- Write the formula with the cation first, followed by the anion, using the subscripts to indicate the number of each ion.
- For example, aluminum bicarbonate, Al(HCO3)3, has one aluminum ion (Al3+) and three bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
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