Chemistry Strand Review - Atoms and Compounds

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a physical property?

Flammability of a substance

Oxidation or rusting

Color and texture of a substance (correct)

Reactivity with acids

What does the atomic number of an element represent?

The number of protons in the nucleus (correct)

The average mass of all isotopes of an element

The number of electrons surrounding the nucleus

The total number of neutrons in an atom

Which term describes a material that breaks easily when stressed?

Soluble

Malleable

Ductile

Brittle (correct)

Which of the following is an example of a qualitative observation?

The solution is blue in color (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which element is considered a metalloid?

Silicon (Si) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the mass number of an atom indicate?

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is a liquid at room temperature?

Mercury (Hg) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about alkali metals is true?

They are found in group 1 of the periodic table. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What defines the difference between weather and climate?

Weather involves short-term conditions at a specific time and place. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which gas is primarily responsible for enhancing the greenhouse effect when fossil fuels are burned?

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of energy sources distinguishes nonrenewable from renewable?

Coal and solar (C) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a negatively charged object is brought near a neutral object?

Electrons in the neutral object shift towards the negatively charged object. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not affect electrical resistance in materials?

Electrical current (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason a charged balloon sticks to a wall?

Static electricity causes an imbalance of electric charges. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about parasitism is true?

One organism benefits while the other is harmed. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which energy source can be naturally replenished?

Solar energy (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature affect the resistance of most materials?

Higher temperatures increase resistance. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the electrons in a neutral object when it is influenced by a positively charged object?

They shift towards the positively charged object. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a pure substance?

It is made of only one type of particle. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a heterogeneous mixture?

It retains the properties of its individual components. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the particles in a solid as temperature increases?

They vibrate more intensely in place. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during a chemical change?

A new substance with different properties. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ionic compounds is true?

They consist of positive and negative ions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a parallel circuit with multiple loads, what happens if one load is disconnected?

Only the disconnected load stops functioning. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate resistance?

Resistance = Voltage / Current (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the particle theory of matter?

All matter is composed of tiny, moving particles. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a physical change?

Ice melting into water. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a homogeneous and a heterogeneous mixture?

Homogeneous mixtures have visible components, while heterogeneous mixtures do not. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a covalent bond?

The sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a chemical change during a reaction?

Formation of a gas or precipitate. (B) Signup and view all the answers

If a toaster oven has a resistance of 24 Ω and carries a current of 5 A, what is the potential difference across the resistor?

120 V (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of deforestation on biodiversity?

Loss of habitat for numerous species (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the increase in concentration of a toxin as it moves up the food chain?

Biomagnification (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of current electricity?

Flow of electrons through a conductor (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does an object become negatively charged?

By gaining electrons (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes insulators?

They do not allow electric charge to flow easily (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one major effect of climate change on ecosystems?

Disruption of ecosystems (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which method of charging involves rubbing two objects together?

Friction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What consequence does pollution have on marine life?

Endangerment of various marine species (D) Signup and view all the answers

What defines bioaccumulation?

Buildup of toxins in an organism over time (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of diversity in an ecosystem's resilience?

It promotes better ecosystem services (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a human impact on biodiversity?

Increased wildlife protection (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an object when it loses electrons?

It becomes positively charged (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates charging by conduction?

Touching a charged rod to a metal sphere (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Law of Electrical Charges?

It explains how like and opposite charges behave (B) Signup and view all the answers

What process is essential for providing water that supports life in the biosphere?

Precipitation (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do microorganisms contribute to the nitrogen cycle?

They convert nitrates back to nitrogen gas. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cycles involves the conversion of glucose into ATP?

Carbon Cycle (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which environmental layer do plants and animals interact with the nonliving components of their surroundings?

Biosphere (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of excess nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems?

Algal bloom formation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What makes vertical farming an advantageous method for crop production?

Maximizes space utilization (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which process primarily removes carbon from the atmosphere into a usable form for organisms?

Photosynthesis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a negatively charged ebonite rod is brought near neutral paper scraps?

Electrons in the paper are repelled, leaving positive charges closer to the rod. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What do denitrifying bacteria do in the nitrogen cycle?

Transform nitrates into nitrogen gas (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do valence electrons determine about an atom?

How the atom can bond with other atoms (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect electrical resistance?

Color of the conductor (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which group in the periodic table contains the most reactive nonmetals?

Halogens (Group 17) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the current in a series circuit when more lightbulbs are added?

The current decreases. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What relationship is characterized by one organism benefiting while the other is neither helped nor harmed?

Commensalism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the period number in the periodic table indicate?

The number of electron shells in an atom (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic of parallel circuits?

If one component fails, the rest continue to function. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What key role do decomposers play in the nitrogen cycle?

They break down organic matter into ammonia. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the evaporation stage of the water cycle?

Liquid water vaporizes and enters the atmosphere. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is electrical resistance calculated according to Ohm's Law?

R = V / I (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes metalloids?

They possess properties of both metals and nonmetals. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor that leads to dramatic climate changes linked to carbon emissions?

Increased carbon dioxide concentrations (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which material typically has the lowest electrical resistance?

Copper (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why would two blocks made of the same material have different densities?

They have varying shapes or sizes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons in the second shell?

8 electrons (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing the length of a conductor on resistance?

Resistance increases. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do biological organisms participate in the carbon cycle after they die?

Decomposers break them down which releases CO2. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of Earth is primarily composed of gases, including oxygen and nitrogen?

Atmosphere (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a circuit, what does the term 'potential difference' refer to?

Work done to move electric charge. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes abiotic factors in an ecosystem?

They include physical and chemical components. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which family/group in the periodic table includes inert gases?

Noble Gases (Group 18) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which equation is used to calculate resistance based on resistivity?

R = ρ × L / A (D) Signup and view all the answers

What defines an element compared to a compound?

An element is a pure substance made of one type of atom. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following happens to the brightness of bulbs in a series circuit when an additional bulb is added?

Brightness decreases. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a resistor in a circuit?

Control the flow of current. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which property is characteristic of alkali metals?

They are highly reactive, especially with water. (A) Signup and view all the answers

If one lightbulb is unscrewed from a parallel circuit, what will happen?

The remaining lights continue to work. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is density defined as?

The mass per unit volume of a substance (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature affect the resistance of most conductors?

Resistance increases with increased temperature. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for non-metals?

They are brittle and often gaseous at room temperature. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is classified as organic?

Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) (B) Signup and view all the answers

In a series circuit, how does cutting off power affect the lights in a household setting?

All lights turn off. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which process do plants create their own food?

Photosynthesis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What do chemical families/groups shared among elements have in common?

The same number of valence electrons (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do organisms in the second trophic level typically consume?

Producers (D) Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens when a glowing splint is inserted into oxygen gas?

The splint will relight if oxygen is present. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about energy transfer in a food chain is true?

About 90% of energy is lost as metabolic activity and heat. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a food web?

A complex network of all feeding relationships in an ecosystem (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between abiotic and biotic limiting factors?

Abiotic factors are non-living; biotic factors are living. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does density-dependent regulation impact a population?

It increases in effect as the population size increases. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is considered a top carnivore in the food chain?

Snake (A) Signup and view all the answers

In a community, what does the term 'population' refer to?

A group of individuals of the same species (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?

They break down dead matter and recycle nutrients. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as biotic potential?

The potential for a population to increase under ideal conditions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor?

Natural disasters (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects population size?

Trophic levels (A) Signup and view all the answers

If a butterfly receives 200 J of energy, how much energy would the dragonfly receive from it?

20 J (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemistry Strand Review - Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

Physical Property: A characteristic observed or measured without changing the substance's composition. Examples: color, texture, boiling point, density, mass.
Chemical Property: A characteristic describing a substance's ability to change into a different substance. Examples: flammability, reactivity with acid, oxidation (rusting).
Ductile: A material that can be stretched into a wire without breaking.
Brittle: A material that breaks easily under stress.
Malleable: A material that can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets.
Soluble: A substance that dissolves in another substance (typically water).
Qualitative Observation: Observations describing qualities or characteristics, using senses (sight, smell, touch).
Quantitative Observation: Observations involving numbers or measurements.
Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atom's nucleus; determines the element. Example: Carbon's atomic number is 6.
Atomic Mass: The average mass of an element's atoms, typically in atomic mass units (amu). Example: Carbon's atomic mass is approximately 12.01 amu.
Mass Number: The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. Example: Carbon-12 has a mass number of 12 (6 protons + 6 neutrons).
Solids: Elements solid at room temperature. Examples: Iron (Fe), Gold (Au).
Liquids: Elements liquid at room temperature. Examples: Mercury (Hg), Bromine (Br).
Gases: Elements gaseous at room temperature. Examples: Oxygen (O₂), Nitrogen (N₂).
Metals: Good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, shiny. Examples: Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu).
Metalloids: Elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals. Examples: Silicon (Si), Boron (B).
Non-metals: Poor conductors of heat and electricity, brittle in solid state. Examples: Oxygen (O₂), Nitrogen (N₂).
Hydrogen: A non-metal, often categorized separately. Example: Hydrogen (H).
Alkali Metals: Highly reactive metals, especially with water. Examples: Sodium (Na), Potassium (K).
Alkaline Earth Metals: Slightly less reactive than alkali metals. Examples: Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg).
Halogens: Highly reactive nonmetals, forming salts with metals. Examples: Chlorine (Cl), Fluorine (F).
Noble Gases: Inert gases with filled outer electron shells. Examples: Helium (He), Neon (Ne).
Element Symbols: One- or two-letter abbreviations for elements on the periodic table. The first letter is capitalized. Example: Oxygen (O), Sodium (Na).
Group Number: Indicates the number of valence electrons for elements in that vertical column. Example: Group 1 elements (alkali metals) have 1 valence electron.
Period Number: Indicates the number of electron shells for elements in that horizontal row. Example: Period 2 elements have 2 electron shells.
Valence Electrons: Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom; determine bonding. Example: Sodium (Na) has 1 valence electron.
Stable Octet: Atoms are most stable when their outer shell has 8 electrons.
Shell Electron Capacity: Shell 1: 2 electrons; Shell 2: 8 electrons; Shell 3: 8 electrons; Shell 4: 2 electrons.
Metal Properties: Good conductors, malleable, and ductile; mostly solids at room temperature. Examples: Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe).
Nonmetal Properties: Poor conductors, brittle; frequently gases at room temperature. Examples: Oxygen (O₂), Nitrogen (N₂).
Metalloid Properties: Exhibit properties of both. Examples: Silicon (Si), Boron (B).
Density: Mass per unit volume. Density = Mass/Volume. Density can vary for the same substance if shape, size, or conditions (temperature, pressure) differ.

Chemistry Strand Review - Additional Questions

Ion: An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to a loss or gain of electrons. Example: Na⁺ (sodium ion) or Cl⁻ (chloride ion).
Molecular Compound: A compound composed of two or more nonmetal atoms chemically bonded by covalent bonds. Examples: H₂O (water), CO₂ (carbon dioxide).
Chemical Change: Altering a substance's chemical makeup; produces new substances. Signs: color change, precipitate formation, gas production, energy changes, irreversibility (often).
Pure Substance: A substance made of only one type of particle.
Mixture: Contains two or more physically combined substances.
Heterogeneous Mixture: Components not evenly distributed. Example: Salad.
Homogeneous Mixture: Components evenly distributed. Example: Saltwater.
Particle Theory of Matter: All matter made of tiny particles; particles constantly move; spaces between particles; attraction among particles; temperature affects particle motion.

Biology Strand Review – Sustainable Ecosystems

Biotic Factor: Living component of ecosystem; affecting environment; includes plants, animals, fungi, bacteria. Examples: Trees, fish, birds, insects.
Abiotic Factor: Non-living element impacting living organisms; includes sunlight, temperature, water, soil, air. Examples: Sunlight, water, temperature, soil composition, pH levels.
Organic Substance: Contains carbon-hydrogen bonds, typically part of larger molecules. Examples of organic substances: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
Inorganic Substance: Does not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. Examples: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), ammonia (NH₃)
Carbon Cycle: Process of carbon moving through atmosphere, organisms, oceans, and soil. Involves photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis: Process where plants make food using sunlight; converting light energy into glucose.
Cellular Respiration: Process where organisms break down glucose to release energy (ATP).
Food Chain: Linear sequence where energy passes between organisms through feeding.
Food Web: Complex network of interconnected food chains.
Trophic Levels: Organisms' positions in a food chain (producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, decomposers).
Producers (Autotrophs): Organisms, like plants, that produce their own food using energy sources (e.g. sunlight).
Consumers (Heterotrophs): Organisms that get energy by eating other organisms.
Herbivores: Consumers that eat only plants.
Omnivores: Consumers that eat both plants and animals.
Carnivores: Consumers that eat only animals.
Scavengers: Consumers that eat dead organisms.
Energy Transfer in Food Chains: Only about 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level. Most energy is used by the organism for survival.
Population: Individuals of same species.
Community: All interacting species in an area.
Factors Affecting Population Size: Birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration.
Limiting Factors (Environmental Resistance): Factors limiting population size; abiotic (temperature, water) and biotic (predation).
Density-Dependent Limiting Factors: Factors affecting populations based on density of the population (competition for resources, disease).
Density-Independent Limiting Factors: Factors affecting populations regardless of density (natural disasters, weather events).
Biotic Potential: Maximum reproductive capacity in optimal conditions.
Factors Determining Biotic Potential: Reproductive rate, ability to migrate/relocate, length of reproductive life.
Biodiversity: Variety and variability of life forms in an ecosystem (species, genes, ecosystems). Relationship to sustainability: High biodiversity supports healthier, more adaptable ecosystems.
Human Impacts on Biodiversity: Deforestation, pollution, climate change, with relevant effects.
Bioaccumulation: Build-up of toxins in organisms over time (absorbed faster than eliminated).
Bioamplification: Increase in concentration of toxins (e.g., pesticides) as you go up a food chain; higher concentration in top predators.
Vertical Farming: Growing crops in stacked layers in controlled indoor environments.
Predation, Competition, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism: Relationships between organisms in ecosystems; definitions and descriptions.

Physics Strand Review – Characteristics of Electricity

Static Electricity: Buildup of electric charge on the surface of an object.
Current Electricity: Flow of electrical charge (electrons) through a conductor in a circuit.
Positive Charge: Results from loss of electrons.
Negative Charge: Results from gain of electrons.
Law of Electrical Charges: Like charges repel; opposite charges attract; neutral objects attract charged objects.
Insulators: Materials that do not allow electric charge to flow easily (e.g., rubber, wood).
Conductors: Materials that allow electric charge to flow easily (e.g., copper, aluminum).
Subatomic Particle for Static Charges: Electrons.
Methods of Charging: Friction, conduction, induction.
Electrical Resistance (Formula): Resistance (R) = Voltage (V) / Current (I). Also: R = pL / A.
Factors Affecting Resistance (along with effect): Material (high resistivity = high resistance), Length (longer = higher resistance), Cross-sectional Area (larger area = lower resistance), Temperature (higher temp = higher resistance).
Circuit Components: Examples of symbols for a cell, switch, battery, load, conducting wire, resistor, bulb, motor.
Potential Difference: Voltage; work done per unit charge to move a charge between two points; measured in volts.
Current: Flow of electric charge; measured in amperes.

Physics Strand Review - Additional Questions

Circuit diagrams: Series and parallel circuit diagrams (closed circuits, open circuits)
Energy sources: Methods for generating electricity (e.g., fossil fuels, solar, wind, hydro, etc.); pros and cons.
Formulas for Physics: List of equations for calculations (including Ohm’s Law).

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Test your knowledge of fundamental chemistry concepts related to atoms, elements, and compounds. This quiz covers important definitions like physical and chemical properties, and the characteristics of materials such as ductility and solubility. Challenge yourself with both qualitative and quantitative observations to deepen your understanding.