Chemistry Solutions Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which water moves from high concentration of water to low concentration of water?

  • Osmosis (correct)
  • Filtration
  • Diffusion
  • Active transport

Which of the following best describes osmotic pressure?

  • The pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent through a membrane (correct)
  • The pressure that increases the flow of solvent through a membrane
  • The pressure caused by the temperature of a solution
  • The force exerted by solutes in a solution

What is tonicity?

  • The measure of concentration of solutes in a solution
  • The rate of diffusion of water in a solution
  • The total osmotic pressure exerted by solute particles
  • The ability of a solution to affect the volume of a cell through osmosis (correct)

In a hypotonic solution, what happens to a cell?

<p>The cell expands and may burst (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates osmosis?

<p>Water moving from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the direction of water movement during osmosis?

<p>The presence of a semipermeable membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of a hypertonic solution?

<p>It has higher solute concentration than the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results when osmotic pressure is applied to prevent water movement?

<p>No net movement of solvent occurs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between molarity and molality?

<p>Molarity refers to moles per liter while molality refers to moles per kilogram. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is molality considered temperature independent?

<p>Temperature can cause volume changes, affecting molarity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes osmosis?

<p>The movement of solvent from a high concentration to a low concentration until equilibrium is reached. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a semi-permeable membrane?

<p>A membrane that selectively permits certain molecules while prohibiting others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when equilibrium is reached in the process of osmosis?

<p>Solvent continues to move back and forth, but the overall concentration remains unchanged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of dilution, which factor primarily determines the change in concentration of a solution?

<p>The total volume of the solution after dilution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct unit for molality?

<p>Molality is represented as lower case m. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding diffusion is correct?

<p>Diffusion can occur in gases, liquids, and solids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a hypotonic solution?

<p>Lower concentration of solutes and higher water concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of solution does water move into the cell?

<p>Hypotonic solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when cells are placed in an isotonic solution?

<p>No net movement of water in or out of the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a hypertonic solution, water moves from where to where?

<p>From the inside of the cell to the outside (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the cell?

<p>Hypertonic solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

<p>It will lose water and shrink (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an isotonic solution?

<p>Equal concentration of solutes to that of the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water will move from where to where?

<p>From outside the cell to inside the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What formula is used to calculate percent by mass concentration?

<p>mass of solute / mass of solution × 100 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the definition of percent by mass, which statement is true for a solution with 10% mass percent concentration?

<p>It has a total mass of 100 g including 10 g of solute. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the calculation of percent concentration, what is the total mass of the solution composed of?

<p>Mass of solute and mass of solvent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 5.5 g of glucose is dissolved in 78.2 g of water, what is the mass of the solution?

<p>83.7 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents mass-volume percent concentration correctly?

<p>mass of solute / volume of solution × 100 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A solution contains 10 g of solute and 90 g of solvent. What is its mass percent concentration?

<p>10% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percent by mass of a solution if 15 g of salt is dissolved in 135 g of water?

<p>10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a method of representing percent concentration?

<p>Total volume percent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What volume of a 10.0 M sugar solution is needed to obtain 2.00 mol of sugar?

<p>0.200 L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar concentration of a solution prepared by dissolving 100.0 g of NaOH in 250.0 mL of solution?

<p>10.0 M (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When 100.0 g of KCl is dissolved in 250.0 mL of solution, what is the molar concentration?

<p>5.37 M (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much 10% saline solution is required to prepare 100 mL of a 0.9% saline solution?

<p>9 mL of 10% saline solution + 91 mL of water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of moles of NaOH in a solution when 100.0 g are dissolved in 250.0 mL?

<p>1.00 mol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly represents the mass of KCl needed to achieve a concentration of 5.37 M in 250.0 mL?

<p>100 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What final concentration will result if you dilute 10 mL of a solution with 90 mL of water, initially at 20.0 M?

<p>2.0 M (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the density of a 10% saline solution if 9 g of salt is dissolved in 100 mL of solution?

<p>1.0 g/mL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an unsaturated solution?

<p>Contains less than the maximum amount of solute. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a saturated solution?

<p>It contains the maximum amount of solute possible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a supersaturated solution over time?

<p>Excess solute crystallizes out, reverting it to a saturated solution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a concentrated solution be defined?

<p>It contains a large amount of solute relative to what can dissolve. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a dilute solution?

<p>It contains only a minute amount of solute compared to saturation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of a supersaturated solution?

<p>It holds more solute than a saturated solution temporarily. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a solution capable of dissolving additional solute?

<p>Unsaturated solution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does a saturated solution differ from a dilute solution?

<p>Saturated solutions hold the highest concentration of solute possible under given conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Unsaturated Solution

A solution with less solute than it can hold at a given temperature and pressure.

Saturated Solution

A solution containing the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve under given conditions.

Supersaturated Solution

A solution temporarily holding more solute than it normally would at a given temperature.

Concentrated Solution

A solution with a high amount of solute relative to the solvent.

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Dilute Solution

A solution with a low amount of solute relative to the solvent.

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Percent by Mass

A way to express the concentration of a solution, calculated by dividing the mass of solute by the mass of the solution and multiplying by 100.

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Solute

The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

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Solvent

The substance that dissolves the solute in a solution.

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Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

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Mass of Solution

The total mass of the solute and solvent in a solution.

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Calculate Mass Percent

Divide the mass of the solute by the mass of the solution and multiply by 100.

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10% Solution

A solution containing 10 g of solute per 100 g of solution.

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Percent by Mass Example

If you dissolve 5.5 g of glucose in 78.2 g of water, the mass of the solution is 83.7 g. The percent by mass of glucose is (5.5 g / 83.7 g) x 100 = 6.57%.

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Molarity

A measure of concentration that expresses the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution.

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How to calculate molarity?

Divide the number of moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters.

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What is the molarity of a solution with 2 moles of solute in 0.5 liters?

4 M (molar).

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How is dilution calculated?

The concentration of the solution (C1) multiplied by the volume of the solution (V1) is equal to the concentration of the diluted solution (C2) multiplied by the volume of the diluted solution (V2). This can be represented as: C1V1 = C2V2.

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What is the volume of a 10% saline solution needed to make 100 mL of 0.9% saline solution?

9 mL of 10% saline solution.

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What is the molar concentration of a 100 g NaOH solution in 250 mL?

10 M (molar).

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What is the molar concentration of a 100 g KCl solution in 250 mL?

5.37 M (molar).

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to a region of low water concentration (high solute concentration).

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell, causing water to move into the cell and potentially cause it to swell or burst.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water to move out of the cell and potentially cause it to shrink.

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Isotonic Solution

A solution with the same solute concentration as the cell, resulting in no net movement of water.

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Osmotic Pressure

The pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.

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Tonicity

The ability of a solution to cause water to move into or out of a cell through osmosis.

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Semipermeable Membrane

A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through while blocking others, often based on size and charge.

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Solute Concentration

The amount of dissolved solute in a given volume of solvent (usually water).

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Temperature Dependence of Molality

Molality is not affected by changes in temperature, unlike molarity.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules or particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

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What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?

Osmosis is the movement of solvent across a semi-permeable membrane, while diffusion is the movement of molecules or particles in general. Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion.

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What does it mean for a solution to reach equilibrium in osmosis?

The solution reaches equilibrium when the concentration of the solvent is equal on both sides of the semi-permeable membrane, and there is no net movement of solvent across the membrane.

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What is osmotic pressure?

The pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

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What happens to a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution?

The red blood cell will swell and potentially burst (lyse) due to the influx of water.

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What happens to a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution?

The red blood cell will shrink and shrivel due to the loss of water.

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What happens to a red blood cell in an isotonic solution?

The red blood cell will remain normal in size and shape. No net water movement happens.

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Study Notes

  • This document details various aspects of solutions in chemistry.

Characteristics of Solutions

  • A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where each substance retains its own chemical identity.
  • Components of a solution:
    • Solvent: The component present in the greatest amount.
    • Solute: The component present in a lesser amount relative to the solvent. The substance being dissolved.

Solubility

  • Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent under specific conditions.
  • Most solids become more soluble in water with increasing temperature.
  • Gas solubility in water decreases with increasing temperature.
  • Pressure has little effect on the solubility of solids and liquids, but a major effect on gas solubility. This is based on Henry's Law, where increased pressure increases gas solubility, and vice-versa.

Types of Solutions

  • Unsaturated solution: Contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve under the existing conditions. Most common solution type.
  • Saturated solution: Contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve under the existing conditions.
  • Supersaturated solution: An unstable solution that temporarily contains more dissolved solute than present in a saturated solution. Excess solute will crystallize out over time, reverting to a saturated solution.

Solubility Rules

  • Solubility is often related to polarity. "Like dissolves like" meaning substances with similar polarities tend to be more soluble in each other than those with differing polarities. The greater the difference in solute-solvent polarity, the less soluble the solute.

Concentration Units

  • Concentration describes the amount of solute present in a given amount of solution.
    • Percent concentration (various): These include percent by mass, percent by volume, and mass-volume percent, each calculated differently based on units.
    • Molarity: Moles of solute per liter of solution (M).
    • Molality: Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent (m). Molality is independent of temperature.

Dilution

  • Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent. The equation is:
  • Concentration of stock solution* × volume of stock solution = concentration of diluted solution × volume of diluted solution (CsVs = CdVd)

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

  • Osmosis: The net movement of solvent from a region of high solvent concentration (low solute concentration) to a region of low solvent concentration (high solute concentration) across a semi-permeable membrane.
  • Semipermeable membrane: A membrane that allows certain molecules to pass through, but restricts the passage of others.
  • Osmotic pressure: The pressure required to prevent the net flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane from a solution with lower solute concentration to a solution with higher solute concentration.

Osmolarity

  • Osmolarity: The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. It is a very important factor in biological systems, and crucial for comparing osmotic pressures of different solutions.

Tonicity

  • Tonicity: The ability of a solution to cause water movement into or out of a cell.
    • Hypotonic solution: A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell. Water will move into the cell, causing it to swell.
    • Hypertonic solution: A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell. Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.
    • Isotonic solution: A solution with an equal solute concentration to the cell. Water moves into and out of the cell at equal rates, maintaining cell shape..

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This quiz explores the characteristics, types, and solubility of solutions in chemistry. Understand the definitions, components, and the effects of temperature and pressure on solubility. Test your knowledge on the key concepts related to solutions in this engaging quiz.

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