Chemistry Solutions and Concentrations

Liquids and Solutions

• Condensation is the process of a gas changing to a liquid.
• Vaporization is the process of a liquid changing to a gas.
• A solute is the dissolved material in a solution.
• A strong electrolyte is very soluble and conductive.
• Pressure and gas solubility are directly proportional.
• A concentrated solution has a large amount of solute.
• Concentration is a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solution.

Osmotic Pressure

• Osmotic pressure gradients are created when solute molecules displace water, decreasing water concentration.

Miscellaneous

• 67%, 25%, and 8% are significant percentages in an unspecified context.

Electrophysiology of Nerve

• A neuron consists of supporting cells and neurons.
• Voltage-gated channels open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential.
• The potential difference in a resting neuron is the resting membrane potential.
• Action potentials are long-distance signals of axons.

Action Potential Phases

• Hyperpolarization: some K+ channels remain open, and Na+ channels reset.
• Repolarization: Na+ channels are inactivating, and K+ channels open.
• Resting state: all gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed.
• Depolarization: Na+ channels open.
• Hyperpolarization: increases in membrane potential, making it more negative.
• Repolarization: the inside membrane becomes less negative.

Elementary Phenomenon of Hearing

• The external ear receives sound waves.