Questions and Answers
What type of mixture is a solution?
A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture.
True
What is the solubility (S) of a solute?
The maximum amount that dissolves in a fixed quantity of solvent at a given temperature.
Match the following alcohols with their solubility in water:
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The formula for an alcohol is ___.
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Which of the following solvents will dissolve sodium chloride better?
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Study Notes
Types of Mixtures
- Solutions are homogeneous mixtures existing in a single phase.
- Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures that exist in multiple phases, often with visible distinct particles.
Particles in Solutions and Colloids
- Solutions consist of individual atoms, ions, or small molecules.
- Colloid particles are typically macromolecules or aggregates of small molecules.
Composition of Biological Solutions
- Water constitutes approximately 70% of cellular mass.
- Ions (1%), sugars (3%), amino acids (0.4%), lipids (2%), nucleotides (0.4%), and macromolecules (23%) also present in various concentrations.
- Mass percentage reflects the relative abundance of different substances in cells.
Solubility Concepts
- A solute dissolves in a solvent, creating a solution; the solvent is usually the most abundant component.
- "Like dissolves like" indicates that substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other.
Intermolecular Forces in Solutions
- Different intermolecular forces include ion-dipole, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and dispersion forces, with varying strengths.
- Ion-dipole forces (40-600) are the strongest, while dispersion forces (0.05-40) are the weakest.
Solvation Process
- Formation of a solution involves replacing solute-solute and solvent-solvent attractions with solute-solvent attractions.
- The ability to form these attractions depends on the compatibility of the intermolecular forces.
Alcohol Properties
- Alcohols have dual polarity with a general formula CH3(CH2)nOH.
- The -OH group is polar and engages in hydrogen bonding with water but weakly interacts with nonpolar solvents like hexane.
Solubility of Alcohols
- Methanol infinitely soluble in water but only 1.2 times soluble in hexane.
- Solubility decreases in water for longer-chain alcohols, such as hexanol, which has limited solubility in water.
Solubility Predictions
- Sodium chloride (NaCl) is more soluble in methanol due to ion-dipole interactions versus weaker forces in 1-propanol.
- Ethylene glycol is more soluble in water owing to effective hydrogen bonding compared to interactions with hexane.
- Diethyl ether is more soluble in ethanol than in water due to better intermolecular interactions.
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Description
Explore the differences between solutions and colloids in this quiz. Understand the characteristics, composition, and phases of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Test your knowledge with various questions on these essential chemistry concepts.
