Chemistry Revision: Chemical Reactions
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Questions and Answers

What is a chemical reaction?

A chemical reaction is a process where one or more substances, called reactants, are transformed into one or more different substances, called products.

What is a balanced chemical equation?

A balanced chemical equation is one where the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms of that element on the product side.

What is an unbalanced or skeletal chemical equation?

An unbalanced chemical equation is one where the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side is not equal to the number of atoms of that element on the product side.

What is the law of conservation of mass?

<p>The law of conservation of mass states that in a closed system, the total mass of the reactants before a chemical reaction must equal the total mass of the products after the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are chemical equations balanced?

<p>Chemical equations are balanced to obey the law of conservation of mass, ensuring that the number of atoms of each element remains the same on both sides of the equation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a combination or synthesis reaction?

<p>A combination or synthesis reaction is a type of chemical reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a single product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a decomposition or breakdown reaction?

<p>A decomposition or breakdown reaction is a type of chemical reaction where a single reactant breaks down into two or more products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an exothermic reaction?

<p>An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases heat energy into the surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a displacement or single displacement reaction?

<p>A displacement or single displacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction where a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a double displacement reaction?

<p>A double displacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction where two reactants exchange ions to form two new products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is oxidation?

<p>Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, gain of oxygen, or loss of hydrogen by a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a redox reaction?

<p>A redox reaction is a chemical reaction involving both oxidation and reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is corrosion?

<p>Corrosion is the gradual degradation of a material due to chemical or electrochemical reactions with its environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is rancidity?

<p>Rancidity is the spoilage of fats and oils, usually caused by oxidation, resulting in unpleasant taste, odor, and appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is neutralization?

<p>Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base, resulting in the formation of salt and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a precipitate?

<p>A precipitate is a solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is roasting?

<p>Roasting is a process where a sulfide ore is heated in the presence of air to convert it into its oxide form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an amalgam?

<p>An amalgam is an alloy of mercury with another metal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metallurgy?

<p>Metallurgy is the science and technology of extracting metals from their ores and refining them into useful forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are amphoteric oxides?

<p>Amphoteric oxides are oxides that can act as both acids and bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical bond?

<p>A chemical bond is a force of attraction that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ionic bond?

<p>An ionic bond is formed by the transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a covalent bond?

<p>A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between two nonmetal atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sodium metal stored in kerosene?

<p>Sodium metal is highly reactive and reacts readily with oxygen and water in the air, causing a fire. To prevent this, it is stored in kerosene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an isomer?

<p>Isomers are molecules that share the same molecular formula (same types and numbers of atoms) but have different arrangements of those atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is halogenation?

<p>Halogenation is a chemical reaction where a halogen atom (like chlorine, bromine, or iodine) is added to a molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is saponification?

<p>Saponification is the process of making soap by reacting a fat or oil with a strong alkali, such as sodium hydroxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a detergent?

<p>A detergent is a surfactant that helps remove dirt and grime from surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are fossil fuels?

<p>Fossil fuels are naturally occurring fuels formed over millions of years from the decomposed remains of ancient organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydrocarbon?

<p>A hydrocarbon is a compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a functional group?

<p>A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical properties of that molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a homologous series?

<p>A homologous series is a group of organic compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties, and a gradual change in physical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the vital force theory?

<p>The vital force theory suggested that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms due to a mysterious &quot;vital force&quot; that was absent in nonliving matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is water conservation or rainwater harvesting?

<p>Water conservation or rainwater harvesting refers to the methods and techniques used to collect, store, and manage rainwater, reducing dependence on conventional sources and improving water security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Mendeleev's periodic table and the modern periodic table?

<p>Mendeleev's periodic table arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass while the modern periodic table arranges them in order of increasing atomic numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the atomic number in the periodic table?

<p>The atomic number of an element represents the number of protons in its nucleus, it is a fundamental property of an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is RRR?

<p>RRR refers to the practice of &quot;Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle&quot;, which is an effective strategy for managing resources and minimizing waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is environmental management?

<p>Environmental management is the systematic process of planning, implementing, and monitoring activities to achieve environmental goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the modern periodic law?

<p>The modern periodic law states that the properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are non-conventional energy sources?

<p>Non-conventional energy sources are renewable and sustainable energy sources that are different from the traditional fossil fuel sources and can be used for power generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some uses of solar energy?

<p>Solar energy is a versatile energy source used for generating electricity, heating water, cooking food, and powering homes and businesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biogas?

<p>Biogas is a combustible gas generated from the breakdown of organic matter, such as plant or animal waste, in an oxygen-free environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between soap and a detergent?

<p>Soap is made from fats or oils, while detergents are synthetically produced. Soap doesn't work well in hard water, but detergents work in both hard and soft water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a catalyst?

<p>A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of deforestation on wildlife?

<p>Deforestation has drastic effects on wildlife, including habitat loss, fragmentation, and disruption of food chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does deforestation negatively affect the environment?

<p>Deforestation contributes to climate change, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity by degrading habitats, reducing carbon sinks, and disrupting natural ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a functional group in organic chemistry?

<p>A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that gives it its characteristic chemical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do carbon compounds show a vast array of properties?

<p>Carbon atoms can form long chains, rings, and branched structures, and they can also bond with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is copper used for making hot water tanks?

<p>Copper is a good conductor of heat and is corrosion-resistant, making it an ideal material for hot water tanks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chemical Reaction

A process in which one or more substances react to form a new substance with different properties

Chemical Equation

A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and symbols

Balanced Chemical Equation

An equation where the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation

Unbalanced Chemical Equation

An equation where the number of atoms of at least one element is not equal on both sides.

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Law of Conservation of Mass

The total mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the products

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Combination Reaction

Two or more reactants combining to form a single product

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Decomposition Reaction

A single reactant breaks down into two or more simpler products

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Exothermic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat

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Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs energy, usually in the form of heat

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Displacement Reaction

One element displaces another from its compound

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Double Displacement Reaction

Two ionic compounds react, exchanging ions to form two new compounds.

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Neutralization Reaction

Reaction between an acid and a base, producing a salt and water

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Precipitation Reaction

A reaction where a solid (precipitate) forms when two solutions are mixed

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Oxidation Reaction

A reactant gains oxygen or loses hydrogen

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Reduction Reaction

A reactant loses oxygen or gains hydrogen

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Redox Reaction

Both an oxidation and a reduction reaction happen at the same time

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Corrosion

The deterioration of a metal due to a chemical reaction with its environment

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Rancidity

Spoilage of fats and oils

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Acid

A substance that tastes sour, turns blue litmus paper red, and releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water

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Base

A substance that tastes bitter, turns red litmus paper blue, and releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water

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Indicator

A substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base

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pH scale

A scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution

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Alloy

A mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a nonmetal

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Ductility

The ability of a substance to be drawn into thin wires

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Malleability

The ability of a substance to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets

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Study Notes

Chemistry Revision Notes

  • Chemical Reactions and Equations:

    • A chemical reaction is a process where a substance reacts with itself or another substance to form a new substance with different properties.
    • A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction using symbols and formulas.
    • A balanced chemical equation ensures the conservation of mass, with an equal number of each atom on both sides.
    • Unbalanced/skeleton equations lack conservation of mass.
    • Chemical equations are balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of mass, where the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.

  • Types of Chemical Reactions:

    • Combination/Synthesis: Two or more substances combine to form a single new substance. Example: C + O₂ → CO₂
    • Decomposition: A single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. Example: CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂
    • Single Displacement: A more reactive element replaces a less reactive element in a compound. Example: Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu
    • Double Displacement: Two compounds exchange ions to form two new compounds. Example: NaCl + AgNO₃ → AgCl + NaNO₃

  • Other Important Reactions:

    • Exothermic: Reactions releasing heat. Example: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O + energy
    • Endothermic: Reactions absorbing heat. Example: C + H₂O → CO + H₂ + energy
    • Neutralization: An acid reacting with a base to form salt and water. Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
    • Oxidation: Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen; a substance that gains oxygen. Example: C + O₂ → CO₂ Example: Compounds containing hydrogen losing hydrogen.
    • Reduction: Gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen; a substance that gains hydrogen
    • Redox: Simultaneous oxidation and reduction in a reaction.

  • Acids, Bases, and Salts:

    • Acids have sour taste, turn blue litmus paper red, low pH (less than 7), and release H⁺ ions in water.
    • Bases have bitter taste, turn red litmus paper blue, high pH (greater than 7), and release OH⁻ ions in water.
    • Neutralization reactions yield salt and water.
    • Common food acids: Citric acid (in citrus fruits), malic acid (in apples), tartaric acid (in tamarind), acetic acid (in vinegar), lactic acid (in yogurt), oxalic acid (in tomatoes), hydrochloric acid (in stomach acid), tannic acid (in tea), ascorbic acid (in vitamin C), formic acid (in ants).

  • Metals and Nonmetals:

    • Metals: Usually solid at room temperature, good conductors of heat and electricity, ductile (can be drawn into wires), malleable (can be hammered into sheets), and have high density. Example: Iron, copper, nickel, etc.
    • Nonmetals: Can be solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature, poor conductors of heat and electricity, not ductile or malleable, and have low density. Example: Carbon, oxygen, chlorine, etc.

  • Alloys: Mixtures of two or more metals (or a metal and a nonmetal). Example: Brass (copper and zinc), bronze (copper and tin).

  • Corrosion: Deterioration of metal by chemical reactions with the environment. Example: Rusting of iron.

  • Important Chemical Compounds:

    • Baking soda (Sodium hydrogen carbonate): Use in baking, antacids, fire extinguishers, cleansing agents.
    • Bleaching powder (Calcium oxychloride): Bleaching, disinfecting water, textiles, paper.

  • Other Concepts:

    • Corrosion: Deterioration of metals.
    • Alloys: Mixtures of metals.
    • Electrolyte A substance that conducts electrical current in an aqueous solution or molten state.
    • Neutralization: A reaction between an acid and base that forms salt and water.
    • Atom: The basic unit of matter.
    • Molecule: A group of atoms bonded together.
    • Chemical Formula: A combination of chemical symbols showing the ratio of atoms in a compound.
    • Ion: An electrically charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons.
    • Chemical Equation: A concise representation of a chemical reaction. .
    • Balanced Equation: Chemical equation where # of atoms of each element are the same on both sides of the equation.
    • Reactants: Substances that undergo changes during a reaction.
    • Products: Substances formed after the chemical reaction.

Other Important Topics

(from the OCR data)

  • Types of Reactions: Combination, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, redox, exothermic, endothermic.
  • Chemical Properties of Metals and Non-metals: (detailed summary given elsewhere)
  • Atomic Structure (Implied): Discussing ions, electrons, and atoms suggests understanding of atomic structure.
  • Chemical Bonding (Implied): Terms like covalent and ionic bonds imply a basis of chemical bonding theory.
  • Environmental Concepts: Conservation, resource management, water conservation, energy resources, natural resources.

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