Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the definition of an acid?
What is the definition of an acid?
What is the result of a neutralization reaction?
What is the result of a neutralization reaction?
How are ionic compounds formed?
How are ionic compounds formed?
What is the oxidation state of an atom that gains an electron?
What is the oxidation state of an atom that gains an electron?
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What is the solubility rule for sodium salts?
What is the solubility rule for sodium salts?
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What is the product of the reaction between HCl and NaOH?
What is the product of the reaction between HCl and NaOH?
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What is the oxidation state of an atom that loses an electron?
What is the oxidation state of an atom that loses an electron?
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What is the definition of a base?
What is the definition of a base?
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What is the result of the reaction between Ca and O?
What is the result of the reaction between Ca and O?
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What is the solubility rule for calcium sulfates?
What is the solubility rule for calcium sulfates?
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Study Notes
Reactivity and Salts
Acid-Base Reactions
- Acid: a substance that donates a proton (H+)
- Base: a substance that accepts a proton (H+)
- Acid-base reactions involve the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base
- Examples:
- HCl (acid) + NaOH (base) → NaCl (salt) + H2O
- H2SO4 (acid) + KOH (base) → K2SO4 (salt) + H2O
Ionic Compounds
- Formed from the reaction between a metal and a nonmetal
- Metal loses one or more electrons to form a cation (positive ion)
- Nonmetal gains one or more electrons to form an anion (negative ion)
- Cation and anion combine to form a neutral compound
- Examples:
- Na (metal) + Cl (nonmetal) → NaCl (salt)
- Ca (metal) + O (nonmetal) → CaO (salt)
Neutralization Reactions
- A type of acid-base reaction where an acid and a base react to form a salt and water
- The pH of the solution is neutralized (pH = 7)
- Examples:
- HCl (acid) + NaOH (base) → NaCl (salt) + H2O
- H2SO4 (acid) + KOH (base) → K2SO4 (salt) + H2O
Oxidation States
- The number of electrons gained or lost by an atom in a reaction
- Can be positive (oxidation) or negative (reduction)
- Oxidation states can be used to identify the species involved in a reaction
- Examples:
- Na (metal) loses one electron to form Na+ (oxidation)
- Cl (nonmetal) gains one electron to form Cl- (reduction)
Solubility Rules
- A set of rules to predict whether an ionic compound is soluble or insoluble in water
- Rules:
- All sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts are soluble
- All nitrates and acetates are soluble
- Chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble except for those of silver, lead, and mercury
- Sulfates are soluble except for those of calcium, strontium, and barium
- Hydroxides and oxides are insoluble except for those of sodium, potassium, and ammonium
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Description
Test your understanding of acid-base reactions, ionic compounds, neutralization reactions, oxidation states, and solubility rules. Learn how to identify and predict the outcome of chemical reactions.
