Chemistry Quiz on Chemical Elements

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Questions and Answers

What type of elements are helium and neon classified as?

Metals

Transitional elements

Chemically inert elements (correct)

Reactive elements

A positive ion is formed when an atom:

Gains an electron

Loses an electron (correct)

Shares an electron

Transfers a proton

Which is a characteristic of chemically reactive elements?

Inability to form compounds

Complete valence shell

High electronegativity

Incomplete outermost energy level (correct)

What happens to atoms during chemical reactions?

Atoms are neither formed nor destroyed (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the main types of bonding?

Atmospheric bonding (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of energy is primarily associated with the movement of particles within a substance?

Thermal Energy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What describes the main difference between chemical changes and physical changes in matter?

Chemical changes alter the substance's chemical composition; physical changes do not. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding subatomic particles in an atom?

Protons and electrons are equal in number in a neutral atom. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of inert elements?

They readily form chemical bonds with other elements. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the periodic table in relation to elements?

To provide a systematic arrangement of fundamental units of matter. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of ionic bonds?

Electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role do electrolytes play in the body?

They contribute to the electrical conduction necessary for muscle contraction and nerve function. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes polar molecules from non-polar molecules?

Polar molecules have a positive and negative side. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines inorganic compounds?

They are composed of salts and acids and lack carbon. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that a chemical reaction is reversible?

The use of a double arrow. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal pH range of blood that is crucial for maintaining cellular function?

7.35 to 7.45 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organic compound is primarily responsible for providing energy in the form of ATP?

Carbohydrates (D) Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the pH condition of the blood that is below 7.0 and can lead to coma?

Acidosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about proteins is true?

Proteins can contain nitrogen in addition to C, H, and O. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total body weight do lipids typically account for in women?

18–24 % (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fibrous proteins in the body?

Binding structures together (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a globular protein?

Hemoglobin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the cells?

To provide high-energy chemical energy (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is considered the major cation of intracellular fluid?

Potassium (K+) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fasting range for glucose levels in the blood?

59-105 mg/dL (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of pH in physiological systems?

It affects enzyme activity and chemical reactions (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do cations and anions form?

By gaining or losing electrons (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a major role of lipids in the body?

Serving as a high-energy fuel source (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Energy

Energy is the ability to do work or transfer heat
Energy has no mass and does not take up space

Forms of Energy

Chemical: Energy stored in chemical bonds between atoms in molecules
Mechanical: Energy in objects due to movement, position, or deformation
Radiant: Energy carried by electromagnetic waves
Thermal: Energy in a substance due to particle movement
Nuclear: Energy in an atom's nucleus from bonds between protons and neutrons

Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas

Matter and Energy Changes

Matter can change physically (e.g., state changes) or chemically (e.g., composition changes)

Composition of Matter (Elements)

Elements are the fundamental units of matter, making up the periodic table
The human body contains 27 elements
13 elements are considered "common" elements
14 elements are trace elements present in very small amounts

Common Elements in the Human Body (Major)

Oxygen (O): 65.0% of body mass; a major component of both organic and inorganic molecules, crucial for cellular energy production
Carbon (C): 18.5% of body mass; the primary component of all organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Hydrogen (H): 9.5% of body mass; a component of organic molecules and influences body fluid pH
Nitrogen (N): 3.2% of body mass; a component of proteins and nucleic acids (genetic material)

Common Elements in the Human Body (Lesser)

Calcium (Ca): 1.5% of body mass, part of bones and teeth, crucial for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting: also needed for energy production (ATP)
Phosphorus (P): 1.0% of body mass; part of bones and teeth, present in nucleic acids and many proteins and crucial for energy production (ATP).
Potassium (K): 0.4% of body mass; important for intracellular cation, nerve impulse conduction, and muscle contraction
Sulfur (S): 0.3% of body mass; a component of proteins, especially those involved in muscle contraction

Common Elements in the Human Body (Trace)

A group of elements present in very minute quantities, many are part of enzymes and their activation
Examples: Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Fluorine (F), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Selenium (Se), Silicon (Si), Tin (Sn), Vanadium (V), Zinc (Zn)

Atoms

Atoms are the building blocks of elements
Elements are made up of many identical atoms

Subatomic Particles

Nucleus: contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons
Orbiting the nucleus: negatively charged electrons
Atoms are electrically neutral because the number of protons equals the number of electrons
Ions are atoms that have lost or gained electrons, becoming positively or negatively charged

Inert /Non-reactive Elements

Inert elements are not reactive and are not part of the human body

Reactive Elements

Reactive elements gain, lose, or share electrons to form ions which are more stable
Gaining or losing electrons creates positive or negative ions, respectively

Chemical Reactions

Atoms are joined through chemical bonds
Atoms separate when the chemical bonds are broken
Types of bonds:
- Ionic: Electrons are transferred
- Covalent: Electrons are shared

Chemical Bonds

Ionic: Created when electrons are transferred to create charged ions which attract each other to create electrolytes,
- Electrolytes (salts) readily dissolve in water and form ions, enabling current conduction
Covalent: Created when electrons are shared
- Covalently bonded molecules can be polar (positive and negative poles) or non-polar (no poles)

Polarity

Polarity refers to whether a molecule has a positive and negative side (polar) or if it is electrically neutral (nonpolar)
The polarity of molecules impacts the ease at which those molecules can cross cell membranes

Types of Chemical Reactions

Synthesis: Smaller molecules combine to form larger molecules
Decomposition: Larger molecules break into smaller molecules
Exchange: Bonds are both made and broken

Reversibility

Most chemical reactions are reversible

Factors Increasing the Rate of Chemical Reactions

Increased temperature increases kinetic energy of molecules which increases collisions
Increased concentration of reacting particles increases collisions

Biochemistry

Inorganic Compounds: Lack carbon; small, simple molecules; include water, salts, and some acids and bases
Organic Compounds: Contain carbon; large, covalently bonded molecules; include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Water: Most abundant inorganic compound, crucial for lubrication, cushioning, chemical reactivity, and solubility 
Electrolytes (Salts): Compounds of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds; easily dissolve in water to release ions and conduct electricity
Acids: Release hydrogen ions (H+)
Bases: Release hydroxide ions (OH-) or bind hydrogen ions (H+) 
pH: measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

Blood Chemistry - Typical Values

Glucose (Normal): Fasting 3.3-5.8 mmol/L (59-105 mg/dL)
Sodium (Na+): Serum 135-145 mmol/L
Potassium (K+): Serum 3.5-5.0 mmol/L
Chloride (Cl-): Major extracellular anion
- Normal levels are needed for crucial bodily functions
- Values determined by blood tests

Important Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates: Organic compounds containing C, H, and O; major energy source
Lipids: Primarily contain C, H, and O; many are insoluble in water; store energy and important part of cell membranes 
Proteins: Made of amino acids; contain C, H, O, and N; key structural and functional molecules, including enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Nucleic Acids: Store and transfer information for protein synthesis; include DNA and RNA 
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): Major energy currency in cells; released through breaking high-energy phosphate bonds; used for metabolic, synthetic, mechanical, and transport functions

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Description

Test your knowledge on the classification of elements, chemical bonding, and the properties of different types of matter. This quiz covers key concepts in chemistry, including the characteristics of reactive and inert elements, as well as the role of the periodic table. See how well you understand the fundamental principles that govern chemical reactions.