Chemistry Quiz: Atomic Structure and Changes
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Questions and Answers

What represents the atomic number of an element?

  • Number of protons (correct)
  • Number of neutrons
  • Sum of protons and neutrons
  • Number of electrons minus protons

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a physical change?

  • Change of state
  • Change in temperature
  • Production of sound
  • Formation of gas (correct)

Which substance undergoes a chemical change in the process of fermentation?

  • Water
  • Curd
  • Salt
  • Milk (correct)

What is the charge of a neutron?

<p>Neutral (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sum of protons and neutrons known as?

<p>Atomic mass (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a colloid?

<p>Milk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered the electron?

<p>JJ Thomson (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of change occurs when an acid reacts with a base?

<p>Chemical change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sublevel has the maximum number of electrons it can hold?

<p>f (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of orbital is spherical in shape?

<p>s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the angular momentum quantum number (l) for the p sublevel?

<p>1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many orbitals are in the d sublevel?

<p>5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be handled by the p sublevel?

<p>6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is a metalloid?

<p>Arsenic (As) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape do d orbitals resemble?

<p>Clover leaf (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between n and l for any given orbital?

<p>l = n - 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular geometry of sulfur hexafluoride?

<p>Octahedral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar mass of chloride trifluoride?

<p>38 g/mol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bond pairs are present in chlorine pentafluoride?

<p>5 bond pairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is listed in the content as commonly associated with molecular geometry?

<p>Sulfur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the T-shaped molecular geometry?

<p>Contains three bond pairs and two lone pairs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Pauli’s Exclusion Principle state about electrons?

<p>No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle explains that orbitals are filled singly before pairing occurs?

<p>Hund’s Rule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary use for strontium ranelate?

<p>Treatment for osteoporosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of calcium sulfate?

<p>Radiopaque for contrast media (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle relate to in quantum mechanics?

<p>The velocity and position of an electron cannot both be accurately determined. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of using Calci-aid as an antacid?

<p>Rebound hyperacidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Aufbau Principle, which of the following statements is true?

<p>Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of calcium sulfate is known as gypsum?

<p>Calcium sulfate dihydrate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements have been identified in Dobereiner's triads?

<p>Fe, Co, Ni (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calcium hydroxide can also be referred to as which of the following?

<p>Milk of Lime (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes paramagnetic substances?

<p>They are attracted to magnetic fields. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is false regarding the periodic trends?

<p>Metallic character increases across a period. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quantum number is not associated with an electron's energy level?

<p>Spin quantum number (m_s) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Le Chatelier’s Principle state about a system at equilibrium when an external stress is applied?

<p>The system adjusts to partially offset the stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following states has the highest entropy?

<p>Gas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a chemical equilibrium represented by A+B⇌AB, what happens when the concentration of A is increased?

<p>Shift to the right (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a spontaneous reaction in terms of Gibbs free energy?

<p>It has a negative 𝜟G. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in a system at equilibrium if there is no external stress applied?

<p>The system maintains a constant state. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a substance that can both accept and donate protons?

<p>Amphiprotic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a nonspontaneous reaction in terms of Gibbs free energy?

<p>It has 𝜟G &gt; 0. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would a shift to the right occur in a chemical reaction at equilibrium?

<p>Adding more reactants to the system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus. It determines the element's identity and is equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom.

Atomic Mass

The total mass of an atom, primarily due to the protons and neutrons in its nucleus. It is expressed in atomic mass units (amu).

Neutral Atom

An atom with an equal number of protons and electrons, resulting in no net electrical charge.

Physical Change

A change in the physical properties of a substance, like its appearance, state of matter, or shape, without altering its chemical composition.

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Chemical Change

A change that results in the formation of new substances with different chemical properties, often involving the breaking and forming of chemical bonds.

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Colloids

A mixture with particles dispersed throughout a medium, but not fully dissolved. They have properties of both solutions and suspensions.

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Gel

A type of colloid with a solid-like structure due to a network of particles in a liquid. Think of jelly.

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Sol

A type of colloid where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid. Think of paint.

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Triads

Groups of three elements with similar chemical properties, discovered by Dobereiner.

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Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. This means each electron has a unique 'fingerprint'.

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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

It's impossible to know both the exact position and momentum (speed and direction) of an electron at the same time.

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Hund's Rule

Electrons fill orbitals individually first, one electron per orbital, before pairing up.

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Aufbau Principle

Electrons fill energy levels from lowest to highest (ground state).

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Paramagnetic

A material with at least one unpaired electron, weakly attracted to a magnet.

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Electron Configuration

The arrangement of electrons in an atom's energy levels and orbitals, determined by the quantum numbers.

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What are periodic trends?

Regular changes in the physical and chemical properties of elements as you move across a period or down a group in the periodic table.

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What determines the shape of a molecule?

The arrangement of electron pairs (bonding and lone pairs) around the central atom determines the molecular shape.

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What is a lone pair?

A pair of electrons that are not involved in bonding with other atoms.

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What is an octahedral shape?

A molecular shape with six atoms bonded to the central atom, forming a symmetrical, 8-sided structure.

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What is a T-shaped shape?

A molecular shape with three atoms bonded to the central atom, forming a 'T' shape.

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What is a trigonal bipyramidal shape?

A molecular shape with five atoms bonded to the central atom, forming two triangular pyramids sharing a common base.

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Le Chatelier's Principle

When a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts to relieve the stress and re-establish equilibrium.

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Entropy (S)

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system. Higher entropy means more disorder.

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Spontaneous Reaction

A reaction that occurs without external energy input, characterized by a negative change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG < 0).

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Nonspontaneous Reaction

A reaction that requires external energy input to occur, characterized by a positive change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG > 0).

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Chemical Equilibrium

A state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in no net change in concentrations of reactants and products.

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Stress on Equilibrium

Any change in conditions that disrupts the equilibrium of a system, like changing concentration, temperature, or pressure.

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Shifting Equilibrium

The way a system at equilibrium responds to stress by favoring either the forward or reverse reaction to re-establish equilibrium.

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Amphiprotic

A substance that can both donate and accept protons (H+ ions).

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Calcium Hydroxide

A compound with several names, including slaked lime, milk of lime, and lime water. It's used as an antacid, for treating hypocalcemia, and in de-icing roads.

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Strontium Ranelate

A compound used to treat osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak bones.

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Barium Sulfate

A compound used as a contrast media in medical imaging. It's radiopaque, meaning it blocks X-rays, making internal structures visible.

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Uses of Calcium Compounds

Calcium compounds have various applications, including antacid treatment, treating hypocalcemia, de-icing roads, making surgical casts, and dental fillings.

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What does 'n' represent?

The 'n' represents the principal quantum number, which indicates the energy level of an electron in an atom. Higher 'n' values correspond to higher energy levels and greater distances from the nucleus.

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How many electrons can an orbital hold?

Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, according to the Pauli Exclusion Principle.

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What determines the shape of an orbital?

The shape of an orbital is determined by its azimuthal quantum number ('l'). Different values of 'l' correspond to different shapes: s (spherical), p (dumbbell), d (cloverleaf), and f (complex).

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What information does the magnetic quantum number (ml) provide?

The 'ml' indicates the specific orientation of an orbital in 3-dimensional space. It varies from -l to +l, including 0. For example, if 'l' = 1, ml can have values of -1, 0, and +1, representing three orientations of the p orbital.

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What is the relationship between 'n' and 'l'?

The maximum value of 'l' for a given 'n' is (n - 1). For instance, if 'n' = 3 (third energy level), the highest 'l' value would be 2, corresponding to the 'd' orbitals.

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What are metalloids?

Metalloids are elements that possess properties of both metals and nonmetals. They are often semiconductors, exhibiting varying conductivity depending on temperature.

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How are molecular compounds named?

Molecular compounds are named using prefixes to indicate the number of each element present. For example, CO2 is named carbon dioxide, with 'di' indicating two oxygen atoms.

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How are ionic compounds named?

Ionic compounds are named by combining the name of the metal cation with the name of the nonmetal anion. For example, NaCl is named sodium chloride.

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Study Notes

Atomic Number

  • The atomic number of an element is represented by the number of protons in its nucleus.

Physical Change

  • A physical change does not result in the formation of a new substance.

Fermentation

  • The substance that undergoes a chemical change in the process of fermentation is glucose.

Neutron Charge

  • A neutron has no charge, meaning it is neutral.

Protons and Neutrons

  • The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom is known as the mass number.

Colloid

  • An example of a colloid is milk.

Electron Discovery

  • J.J. Thomson discovered the electron.

Acid-Base Reaction

  • When an acid reacts with a base a neutralization reaction occurs.

Maximum Electron Capacity

  • The f sublevel has the maximum number of electrons it can hold, which is 14.

Spherical Orbital Shape

  • The s orbital is spherical in shape.

Angular Momentum Quantum Number

  • The angular momentum quantum number (l) for the p sublevel is 1.

Number of d Orbitals

  • There are 5 orbitals in the d sublevel.

Maximum Electrons in p Sublevel

  • The maximum number of electrons that can be held by the p sublevel is 6.

Metalloid Element

  • An example of a metalloid is Silicon (Si).

d Orbital Shape

  • d orbitals resemble a cloverleaf or a dumbbell with a ring around it.

n and l Relationship

  • For any given orbital, the value of l is always less than the value of n.

Sulfur Hexafluoride Geometry

  • The molecular geometry of sulfur hexafluoride is octahedral.

Chloride Trifluoride Molar Mass

  • The molar mass of chloride trifluoride is 92.45 g/mol.

Bond Pairs in Chlorine Pentafluoride

  • There are 5 bond pairs present in chlorine pentafluoride.

Molecular Geometry Element

  • Chlorine (Cl) is commonly associated with molecular geometry.

T-Shaped Molecular Geometry

  • A characteristic of T-shaped molecular geometry is the presence of a lone pair on the central atom.

Pauli's Exclusion Principle

  • Pauli's Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.

Hund's Rule

  • Hund's Rule explains that orbitals are filled singly before pairing occurs, and that the electrons in singly filled orbitals have parallel spins.

Strontium Ranelate Use

  • A primary use for strontium ranelate is to treat osteoporosis.

Calcium Sulfate Uses

  • Calcium sulfate is not used in the manufacture of glass.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

  • The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle relates to the simultaneous measurement of a particle's position and momentum in quantum mechanics.

Calci-Aid Side Effect

  • A potential side effect of using Calci-aid as an antacid is constipation.

Aufbau Principle

  • The Aufbau Principle states that electrons first fill the lowest energy levels and subshells before filling higher ones.

Gypsum

  • The form of calcium sulfate known as gypsum is CaSO4•2H2O.

Dobereiner’s Triads

  • Lithium, sodium, and potassium have been identified in Dobereiner's triads.

Calcium Hydroxide Synonym

  • Calcium hydroxide can also be referred to as slaked lime.

Paramagnetic Substances

  • Paramagnetic substances are characterized by having unpaired electrons which cause them to be weakly attracted to a magnetic field.
  • Ionization energy generally decreases across a period, moving from left to right.

Non-Energy Level Quantum Number

  • The magnetic quantum number (ml) is not associated with an electron's energy level.

Le Chatelier’s Principle

  • Le Chatelier’s Principle states that if an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will shift in a direction that relieves the stress.

Highest Entropy State

  • The gas state has the highest entropy.

Increased A Concentration

  • When the concentration of A is increased in a chemical equilibrium represented by A+B⇌AB, the reaction will shift to the right, favoring the formation of AB.

Spontaneous Reaction Gibbs Free Energy

  • A spontaneous reaction is characterized by a negative Gibbs free energy.

Unstressed System at Equilibrium

  • A system at equilibrium will remain unchanged if there is no external stress applied.

Amphoteric Substance

  • An amphoteric substance can both accept and donate protons.

Nonspontaneous Reaction Gibbs Free Energy

  • A nonspontaneous reaction is characterized by a positive Gibbs free energy.

Equilibrium Shift to the Right

  • A shift to the right in a chemical reaction at equilibrium would occur if the product is removed.

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Module 1 General Chemistry PDF

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Test your knowledge on atomic numbers, physical changes, and chemical properties in this engaging chemistry quiz. Explore concepts such as atomic structure, electron configurations, and types of chemical reactions. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their chemistry understanding.

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