10 Questions
What is the primary focus of the Hydrogen Hub?
Production, logistics, infrastructure, and final use of hydrogen
What is the primary advantage of using hydrogen fuel cells in mobility?
Increased energy efficiency
Which of the following is a challenge in hydrogen transportation?
Storage capacity limitations
What is the primary goal of the Power-to-Gas Pathway?
Transitioning the energy system infrastructure
What is the primary application of hydrogen in the Hamburg Green Hydrogen Hub?
Mobility and transportation
What is the primary method of hydrogen production in the Hydrogen Hub?
All of the above
What is the primary challenge in reducing the cost of hydrogen production?
Scaling up electrolysis systems
What is the primary benefit of grid-connected fuel cell systems?
Improved energy efficiency
What is the primary application of hydrogen in industry?
Process heating
What is the primary goal of the hydrogen valley concept?
Breaking the chicken-and-egg deadlock in hydrogen adoption
Study Notes
Pyrolysis
- Pyrolysis is the heating of a solid/liquid/gas fuel, such as hydrocarbon, in the absence of oxygen.
Hydrogen Production
- Electrolysis is a process of water energy bonding, producing hydrogen.
- Types of electrolyzers:
- Alkaline Electrolysis Water (AEW)
- Anion Exchange membrane (AEM) Electrolyser
- Proton Exchange membrane (PEM) Electrolyser
- Solid Oxide Electrolyser (SOE)
Electrolyzer Characteristics
- AEW:
- 25-30% KOH solution in pure water
- Separator: Porous Zirconium
- Electrode material: Cathode: Ni, Co or Fe; Anode: Ni
- Energy source: 100% electricity
- Temperature: 100-150°C
- Pressure: Up to 40 bar
- Cost: lowest
- Readiness: mature
- AEM:
- 2-5% KOH in pure water
- Separator: Anion exchange membrane
- Electrode material: Cathode: Ni or Ni-Alloy; Anode: Ni
- Energy source: 100% electricity
- Temperature: 60-90°C
- Pressure: Up to 35 bar
- Cost: medium
- Readiness: big scale demonstration
- PEM:
- Ultra pure water
- Separator: Fluoropolymer sulfonic acid membrane
- Electrode material: Cathode: Pt; Anode: Ir/Pt
- Energy source: 100% electricity
- Temperature: 70-90°C
- Pressure: Up to 40 bar
- Cost: higher
- Readiness: early development
- SOE:
- Pure water
- Separator: Yittra-Zirconium oxide (ceramic)
- Electrode material: Cathode: Ni; Anode: Ni
- Energy source: 75% electricity; 25% heat
- Temperature: 700-850°C
- Pressure: close to atmospheric pressure
- Cost: higher
- Readiness: demonstration
Hydrogen Transportation and Storage
- Hydrogen transportation technologies:
- Compressed hydrogen
- Liquid hydrogen
- Hydrogen gas
- Challenges in hydrogen storage:
- Low energy density
- Leakage due to small molecular size
- Limited availability of geological storage sites
- Additional cost and low efficiency of conversion and reconversion to electricity or hydrogen-based fuels
Hydrogen Storage Options
- Physical storage:
- Liquid hydrogen
- Compressed gas tank
- Material-based storage:
Hydrogen Combustion
- Benefits of using hydrogen as a fuel:
- Reduces air pollution
- No carbon emissions (CO, CO2, HC, particulate matter)
- No emissions if reaction with oxygen only
- Drawbacks:
- Produces NOx if combustion is not properly controlled and designed
Hydrogen in Mobility
- Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vs. Hydrogen Fuel Cell:
- H2 ICE: higher efficiency and simpler design
- H2 Fuel Cell: higher efficiency and cleaner emissions
Hydrogen Hub
- Hydrogen Hub:
- Production technologies (e.g. electrolysis, steam methane reforming, gasification)
- Logistics (e.g. gaseous, liquid, or delivered through alternative carriers)
- Infrastructure (e.g. transport by pipe, lorry, shipping, train tanks)
- Final use (e.g. industry, mobility, residential heating)
- Example: Hamburg Green Hydrogen Hub (Germany)
This quiz covers the process of pyrolysis, including the heating of fuels in the absence of oxygen, and hydrogen production through electrolysis.
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