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Questions and Answers
What is the chemical formula of Sodium Hydroxide?
What is the chemical formula of Sodium Hydroxide?
What ions do acids release in solution?
What ions do acids release in solution?
H⁺(aq)
What ions do bases release in solution?
What ions do bases release in solution?
OH⁻(aq)
A solution can be both acidic and basic at the same time.
A solution can be both acidic and basic at the same time.
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What taste is associated with bases?
What taste is associated with bases?
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What pH value indicates a neutral solution?
What pH value indicates a neutral solution?
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The chemical formula of a base usually ends with ______.
The chemical formula of a base usually ends with ______.
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Which of the following is a common base?
Which of the following is a common base?
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What color does litmus paper turn in an acidic solution?
What color does litmus paper turn in an acidic solution?
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How do you write the formula for Hydrochloric acid in solution?
How do you write the formula for Hydrochloric acid in solution?
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What is produced when an acid reacts with a base?
What is produced when an acid reacts with a base?
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Phenolphthalein is colorless in a basic solution.
Phenolphthalein is colorless in a basic solution.
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Match the following acids with their chemical formulas:
Match the following acids with their chemical formulas:
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Study Notes
Bases
- Bases often require dissolution in water to behave as bases.
- Bases typically contain hydroxide (OH) in their chemical formula.
- Common examples of bases include:
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂)
- Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)
- Ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH)
Production of Ions
- Acids and bases conduct electricity because they produce ions in solution.
- Acids release hydrogen ions (H⁺).
- Bases release hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
- The pH of a solution indicates the concentration of ions present.
- High concentration of H⁺ ( [H⁺(aq)] ) leads to a low pH, indicating a highly acidic solution.
- High concentration of OH⁻ ( [OH⁻(aq)] ) leads to a high pH, indicating a highly basic solution.
- H⁺ and OH⁻ ions readily react with each other, resulting in neutralization.
Properties of Bases
- Bases typically have a bitter taste.
- Bases feel slippery.
- Many bases are caustic, meaning they burn skin.
- Bases do not react readily with metals.
- Bases conduct electricity.
- Bases have a pH greater than 7.
- Bases turn red litmus paper blue.
- Phenolphthalein turns pink in basic solutions.
Acids
- Acids often contain carbon, indicated by "C" being written first in the chemical formula.
- Acetic acid is an example: CH₃COOH(aq) or HC₂H₃O₂(aq).
Naming Acids
- When naming acids, change the suffix "-ide" to "-ic".
- Examples:
- Hydrogen fluoride (HF) becomes hydrofluoric acid (HF(aq)).
- Hydrogen carbonate (H₂CO₃) becomes carbonic acid (H₂CO₃(aq)).
- Hydrogen sulfite (H₂SO₃) becomes sulfurous acid (H₂SO₃(aq)).
Naming Acids - Note how the names can change with the addition of (aq)
- The addition of "(aq)" to the chemical formula indicates the acid is dissolved in water.
- When dissolved, the chemical name often changes.
- Examples:
- Hydrogen chloride (HCl) becomes hydrochloric acid (HCl(aq)).
- Hydrogen bromide (HBr) becomes hydrobromic acid (HBr(aq))).
- Hydrogen chlorate (HClO₃) becomes chloric acid (HClO₃(aq)).
- Hydrogen chlorite (HClO₂) becomes chlorous acid (HClO₂(aq)).
Some "Common" Acids
- Nitric acid (HNO₃(aq))
- Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄(aq))
- Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄(aq))
- Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃(aq))
Properties of Acids
- Acids typically taste sour.
- Many acids are corrosive, causing burns on skin or damaging metals.
- Acids conduct electricity.
- Acids have a pH less than 7.
- Acids turn blue litmus paper red.
- Phenolphthalein is colorless in acidic solutions.
- Acids release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution.
- Acids usually start with "H" in their chemical formula.
Acid-Base Neutralization
- Neutralization reactions occur when an acid and a base react to produce a salt and water.
- General equation for neutralization: acid + base → salt + water
- This can be written as: HX + MOH → MX + H₂O
- Example: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(s) + H₂O(l)
- X represents a negative ion.
- M represents a positive ion.
Examples of Neutralization Reactions
- Example 1: Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄(aq)) neutralizes Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) to form calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) and water (H₂O).
- Example 2: Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄(aq)) neutralizes iron(II) hydroxide (Fe(OH)₂) to form iron(II) phosphate (FePO₄) and water (H₂O).
Acids and Bases and Neutralization Reactions
- Many common compounds are acids or bases.
- Identifying an acid or base is based on its chemical composition.
- Acids and bases can be dangerous and corrosive or caustic.
- NEVER attempt to identify an acid or base by taste or touch.
pH Scale
- The pH scale measures the strength of acids and bases.
-
Acidic Solutions: pH values range from 0 to less than 7.
- The closer the pH is to 0, the more acidic the solution.
- Neutral Solution: pH is 7.
-
Basic Solutions: pH values range from greater than 7 to 14.
- The closer the pH is to 14, the more basic the solution.
- A solution with a pH of 3 is 1000 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 6.
pH Indicators
- pH indicators are chemicals that change color depending on the acidity or basicity of the solution.
- Litmus paper is a common indicator:
- Blue = Basic
- Red = Acidic
- Indicators change color at different pH values.
- Examples:
- Bromthymol blue: pH 6–7.6
- Phenolphthalein: pH 8.2–10
- Many natural substances, like beets and cabbage, can act as indicators.
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Description
This quiz covers the properties and behaviors of bases in chemistry. Learn about their chemical formulas, ion production, and characteristics such as taste and texture. Test your understanding of how bases interact in aqueous solutions.
