Chemistry Overview and States of Matter

Chemistry Overview

• Chemistry studies matter and its transformations.
• Five major branches:
  • Organic: Carbon-containing compounds
  • Inorganic: Non-carbon compounds
  • Analytical: Measurement of material properties
  • Physical: Physics concepts applied to chemistry
  • Biochemistry: Chemical processes in living organisms

Matter in Science

• Matter is anything with mass and occupies space.
• All matter consists of atoms.
• Examples of matter: protons, cash, rose; Non-matter: light, heat.

States of Matter

Solid

• Particles arranged in an organized, tightly packed structure.
• High density; fixed shape; not easily compressed; minimal movement.
• Shape remains constant regardless of temperature changes.

Liquid

• Particles are close together but randomly arranged, allowing movement.
• Shape can change, but volume remains constant; high density.
• Liquids can flow and navigate narrow spaces.

Gas

• Particles spread apart, moving freely and randomly.
• Low density; easily compressible due to large particle separation.
• Gases expand or contract to fill any container.

Classification of Matter

• Matter divides into Pure Substances or Mixtures.
• Pure Substances can be Elements or Compounds.
• Mixtures are categorized as Homogeneous or Heterogeneous.

Changes of State

• Melting: Solid transforms into liquid.
• Freezing: Liquid changes to solid.
• Evaporation/Boiling: Liquid becomes gas.
• Condensation: Gas transforms back into liquid.
• Sublimation: Solid directly becomes gas.
• Deposition: Gas converts to solid without passing through liquid phase.

Separation Techniques

Filtration

• A method to separate solids from liquids using a filter.

Crystallization

• A technique for forming pure solid particles from a solution.

Simple Distillation

• A process separating substances in a solution based on differing boiling points through heating.