Chemistry of Life Chapter 3
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Questions and Answers

What does a pH value of 7 indicate about a solution?

  • The solution is highly acidic.
  • The solution releases more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.
  • The solution is strongly basic.
  • The solution contains equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. (correct)

How can a substance be classified as an acid?

  • It does not affect the ion concentration in water.
  • It increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution.
  • It releases hydrogen ions in a solution. (correct)
  • It has a pH value greater than 7.

What happens to the pH of a solution when more hydroxide ions are introduced?

  • The pH increases, becoming more basic. (correct)
  • The pH stays the same, remaining neutral.
  • The pH becomes extremely alkaline.
  • The pH decreases, becoming more acidic.

Which of the following correctly describes the pH scale?

<p>A lower pH value corresponds to a stronger acid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true of a basic solution?

<p>It has more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary measurement unit for mass?

<p>Grams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gravity affect weight compared to mass?

<p>Weight changes with gravity, but mass remains constant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes solids?

<p>They have a definite shape and volume. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to your weight on the Moon compared to Earth?

<p>It is one-sixth of your weight on Earth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit of an element that retains its properties?

<p>An atom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core of an atom called?

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

<p>Protons and neutrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines isotopes of an element?

<p>They have different numbers of neutrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of proteins within cells?

<p>They provide structure, transport molecules, and catalyze reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are amino acids linked together in proteins?

<p>By dehydration synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the unique properties of each amino acid?

<p>The side-chain group at R. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when one or more polypeptide chains come together?

<p>Functional proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions describes the process of dehydration synthesis in protein formation?

<p>Linking amino acids together while releasing water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about polypeptide chains is true?

<p>They consist of a specific sequence based on genetic instructions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic building block of proteins?

<p>Amino acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with proteins?

<p>Storing genetic information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hydrolysis in sugar metabolism?

<p>To break down larger sugar molecules into monosaccharides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar does sucrose break down into during hydrolysis?

<p>Glucose and fructose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary storage form of glucose in animals?

<p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can most animals not digest cellulose?

<p>The type of bonds between glucose molecules are indigestible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plants store glucose produced during photosynthesis?

<p>As starch in various parts of the plant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cellulose play in plant cells?

<p>Providing rigidity to plant cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During digestion, carbohydrates are primarily broken down into what?

<p>Monosaccharides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food group is least likely to contain carbohydrates?

<p>Meat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the atomic number of an element signify?

<p>The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the periodic law relate to elements and their atomic numbers?

<p>It indicates that the properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is NOT one of the four most common in living organisms?

<p>Iron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about isotopes of a given element?

<p>They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what form do sodium and other elements circulate in the body?

<p>As ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about carbon-12 and carbon-14?

<p>They are isotopes of carbon with different neutron counts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass number of an atom determined by?

<p>The sum of the number of protons and neutrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about electrons in an atom is correct?

<p>Electrons counterbalance the charge of protons in a neutral atom. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mainly differentiates fats from oils at room temperature?

<p>The types of bonds between carbon atoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of triglycerides influences whether they are classified as fats or oils?

<p>The type of bonds between the carbon atoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of saturated bonds in fats affect their physical state at room temperature?

<p>They remain solid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main storage form of fat in the body?

<p>Adipose tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do unsaturated bonds in oils affect their physical state at room temperature?

<p>They remain liquid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do triglycerides float in the bloodstream?

<p>They are less dense than water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes adipose tissue to increase in size?

<p>Addition of more fat molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What elements compose both sugars and fats?

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to triglycerides when they are stored in adipose tissue?

<p>They undergo a chemical rearrangement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the effect of bonding types in fats and oils?

<p>Fats are solid due to tight packing of saturated bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mass definition

The amount of matter in a substance, measured in grams.

Mass vs. Weight

Mass stays the same, but weight changes depending on gravity. (e.g., Your mass is the same on Earth and the Moon, but your weight is different).

Forms of Matter

Solids have a definite shape and size, liquids have a definite volume, and gases fill the container they are in.

Atom Definition

The smallest whole, stable piece of an element, still having all the properties of that element.

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Subatomic particles

Parts of an atom: protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks, mesons, leptons, and neutrinos.

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Atomic Nucleus Definition

The core of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

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Isotopes Definition

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

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Element Definition

A substance made of only one type of atom.

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pH Scale

A scale from 1 to 14 that measures how acidic or basic a solution is. 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is basic.

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Acidic Solution

A solution with a pH less than 7, meaning it has more hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-).

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Basic Solution

A solution with a pH greater than 7, meaning it has more hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydrogen ions (H+).

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Neutral Solution

A solution with a pH of 7, meaning it has an equal amount of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-), like pure water.

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What does pH measure?

The pH scale measures the relative concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) to Hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

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Periodic Law

Elements with similar properties are grouped together when arranged by atomic number.

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

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Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

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Carbon-12

An isotope of carbon with 6 protons and 6 neutrons.

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Carbon-14

An isotope of carbon with 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

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Electrolyte

A substance that releases ions when dissolved in water.

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Number of electrons

In a neutral atom, equal to the atomic number.

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Triglycerides

Molecules made of glycerol and three fatty acids. They are the main form of fat in our bodies.

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Adipose Tissue

The soft, squishy fat found on our bodies. It stores triglycerides.

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What makes a fat an oil?

The type of bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms determines whether it's a fat or oil. Fats have mostly single bonds, making them solid, while oils have many double bonds, making them liquid.

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Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that breaks down a larger molecule into smaller ones by adding a water molecule.

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Sucrose Breakdown

Sucrose, a disaccharide, is broken down by hydrolysis into its monosaccharide components: glucose and fructose.

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Glucose Storage in Animals

Animals store excess glucose as glycogen, a highly branched polysaccharide.

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Glucose Storage in Plants

Plants store excess glucose as starch, another type of polysaccharide.

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Cellulose in Plants

Cellulose, another polysaccharide made of glucose, forms the structural framework of plant cells.

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Digesting Cellulose

Most animals, including humans, cannot digest cellulose due to the specific bonds between its glucose molecules.

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Why are proteins important?

Proteins are essential for life and play a crucial role in many biological processes.

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What are proteins made of?

Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids called polypeptide chains.

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What is a polypeptide chain?

A polypeptide chain is a chain of amino acids linked together by dehydration synthesis.

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How many amino acids are there?

There are 20 different amino acids that can be used to build proteins.

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What determines the protein's function?

The specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain determines the protein's shape and function.

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What is the role of enzymes?

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

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How do proteins provide structure?

Proteins act as building materials, providing support and shape to cells and tissues.

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What are some protein functions?

Proteins have diverse roles, including carrying molecules, providing structure, acting as enzymes, and participating in muscle contraction and immune responses.

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What is the connection between genes and proteins?

Genes contain the instructions for building proteins, determining the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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Study Notes

Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Life

  • Everything with mass and takes up space is matter
  • Matter is composed of atoms
  • Atoms form molecules, which compose living things
  • Important molecules include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
  • Living things need matter to grow and build structures
  • Matter is recycled throughout the environment
  • Matter existed since the Earth was formed

Exploring Why Matter Matters

  • Matter is the substance of life
  • Living things require matter to build new structures
  • Matter is recycled after living things die
  • All matter on Earth has existed since the planet's formation
  • Matter from all living organisms can be found in a single object

Invisible Matter

  • Air, though seemingly nothing, is actually matter, composed of gases
  • Plants take in carbon dioxide, an invisible component of air, to create food
  • Invisible matter like carbon dioxide can become part of a living thing, having mass

Atoms, Elements, and Isotopes

  • All matter is composed of elements
  • Elements are composed of atoms
  • Atoms consist of smaller subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)
  • Isotopes are atoms with a different number of neutrons
  • Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are two isotopes of carbon

Bohr's Model of Atoms

  • An atom is the smallest piece of an element
  • Atoms have a nucleus comprised of protons and neutrons
  • Electrons orbit the nucleus
  • Protons have a positive charge
  • Neutrons have no charge
  • Electrons have a negative charge
  • Atoms become ions when they lose or gain electrons (positive or negative charge)

Elements of Elements

  • An element is composed of atoms with the same number of protons
  • The periodic table arranges elements by their atomic number
  • Atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom
  • Elements have similar properties when arranged according to their atomic number

Atoms and Ions

  • Atoms combine to have oppositely charged ions, joining together with ionic bonds
  • Sodium and chloride ions (atoms) forming table salt (NaCl) is an example of ionic bonds

Covalent Bonds

  • Atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds
  • Oxygen atoms sharing electrons to form oxygen gas (O2) is an example of covalent bonds

Acids and Bases

  • Acids release hydrogen ions in water (H+)
  • Bases release hydroxide ions in water (OH-)
  • Acid-base reactions can affect chemical bonds in living organisms

pH Scale

  • The pH scale measures hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
  • Solutions with more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions are acidic (lower than 7)
  • Solutions with more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions are basic (higher than 7)
  • A pH of 7 is neutral, like pure water
  • Buffers are substances that help keep solutions stable by neutralizing excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions

Carbon-Based Molecules (The Basis for All Life)

  • Living organisms use many types of molecules, including hydrocarbons
  • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • Carbohydrates are frequently used as a quick energy source
  • Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides
  • Monosaccharides are simple sugars such as glucose
  • Disaccharides are double sugars, such as sucrose
  • Oligosaccharides are short chains of simple sugars
  • Polysaccharides are long chains of simple sugars

Making Life Possible: Proteins

  • Proteins are polymers of amino acids
  • Proteins have many functions, including structure, transport, and enzymes

Drawing the Cellular Road Map: Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic acids carry genetic information
  • Nucleic acids, like DNA, are composed of nucleotides
  • Nucleotides have three parts (nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group)
  • DNA is a double-stranded molecule, while RNA is single-stranded
  • DNA contains the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
  • RNA contains the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

  • DNA is a critical component for passing down genetic information to the next generation
  • DNA is composed of paired nitrogenous bases (adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine) along a sugar-phosphate backbone
  • The order of nitrogenous bases form a gene, which contains genetic information

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

  • RNA is another vital component of carrying out genetic information
  • RNA has a structure different from DNA
  • RNA uses uracil instead of thymine
  • RNA is single-stranded, holding genetic information

Supplying Structure, Energy, and More: Lipids

  • Lipids are molecules that don't mix with water
  • Lipids are a source of energy
  • Lipids include phospholipids, steroids, and triglycerides
  • Phospholipids form cell membranes
  • Steroids are often hormones
  • Triglycerides are mostly a source of storage of energy for the organism

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Description

This quiz covers Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Life, focusing on the fundamentals of matter and its importance in living organisms. It delves into the composition of matter, the role of atoms and molecules, and how matter is recycled within ecosystems. Test your understanding of key concepts including invisible matter and the various molecules necessary for life.

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