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Questions and Answers
In experimental design, what is the primary purpose of a negative control?
In experimental design, what is the primary purpose of a negative control?
- To produce statistically insignificant results.
- To minimize the effects of the independent variable.
- To introduce bias into the experiment.
- To prove and produce a known result. (correct)
Homeostasis, reproduction, and energy use are all characteristics of life.
Homeostasis, reproduction, and energy use are all characteristics of life.
True (A)
What term describes the process where a solid changes directly into a gas?
What term describes the process where a solid changes directly into a gas?
sublimation
Elements in their lowest possible energy level are said to be in the ______ state.
Elements in their lowest possible energy level are said to be in the ______ state.
Match each physical property with its correct descriptor for metals:
Match each physical property with its correct descriptor for metals:
Which of the following is a characteristic of nonmetals?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nonmetals?
A chemical change always results in the formation of new substances.
A chemical change always results in the formation of new substances.
What term describes atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons?
What term describes atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons?
When an electron jumps down from an excited state, a ______ is emitted.
When an electron jumps down from an excited state, a ______ is emitted.
What molecular geometry is associated with a molecule that has 3 bonding pairs and 1 non-bonding pair of electrons?
What molecular geometry is associated with a molecule that has 3 bonding pairs and 1 non-bonding pair of electrons?
Flashcards
Independent Variable
Independent Variable
Variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test its effects.
Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
Variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.
Negative Control
Negative Control
A group in a scientific experiment where no change is expected.
Response to stimuli
Response to stimuli
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Conductivity
Conductivity
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Melting Point
Melting Point
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Sublimation
Sublimation
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Ground State
Ground State
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EM Spectrum
EM Spectrum
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Lewis Structures
Lewis Structures
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Study Notes
- This document contains study notes on experimental design, characteristics of life, matter, physical and chemical changes, EM spectrum and Bohr models, Lewis structures, and molecular geometry.
Chapter 1
- Experimental design involves identifying independent, dependent, and controlled variables.
- A positive control does not produce results.
- A negative control proves and produces a known result.
CER
- Characteristics of life include response to stimuli, energy use, reproduction, homeostasis, organization into cells, growth, and development.
Chapter 2
- Matter is composed of ions and isotopes.
- Matter has period/group properties.
- Matter is involved in chemical reactions.
Physical Properties Based on Period/Group
- Metals are typically not soluble in water and not viscous.
- Metals are lustrous.
- Metals are malleable and conductive.
- Metals have a high melting and boiling point.
- Non-metals are soluble in water and viscous.
- Non-metals are dull.
- Non-metals are brittle and poor conductors.
- Non-metals have a low melting and boiling point.
- Metalloids exhibit a mix of metal and nonmetal properties.
Physical Changes
- Physical changes include alterations in melting point, boiling point, solubility, viscosity, and density.
- Phase changes (solid to liquid to gas)
- Solid to liquid is melting.
- Liquid to solid is freezing.
- Liquid to gas is vaporization.
- Gas to liquid is condensation.
- Gas to solid is deposition.
- Solid to gas is sublimation.
Chemical Changes
- Chemical changes involve reactions, including combustion and the formation/breaking of bonds.
- Unexpected color change
- Significant temperature change
- New solid or gas formed are evidence of chemical changes.
Chapter 3
- Metals become cations.
- Nonmetals become anions.
- Ground state is when elements are in their lowest possible energy level.
- Sudden energy intake causes an electron to become excited and jump to a higher energy level.
- When an electron goes down to a lower level, a photon is emitted.
- Photon is light emitted when an electron jumps down from its excited state.
EM Spectrum
- EMS has wavelengths with distinct frequency (Hz).
Chapter 4
- Focuses upon Early Earth.
Lewis Structures
- Lewis Structures only show valence electrons.
- Lewis Structures incorporate calculations of molecular geometry, total valence electrons and must follow the octet rule.
Chapter 5
- Focuses on functional group chemistry.
- Discusses the VESPR theory.
- Discusses dipoles in chemistry.
Molecular Bonding
- Molecular geometries
- Linear = 2 bonding
- Bent = 2 bonding 1 nonbonding
- Trigonal planar = 3 bonding
- Trigonal pyramidal = 3 bonding 1 non-bonding
- Bent = 2 bonding 2 nonbonding
- Tetrahedral = 4 bonding
Electronegativity & Polarity
- Differences between bond ENs
- 0.4 & less = nonpolar
- 0.4 - 1.8 = polar
- 1.8 & higher = ionic
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