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Questions and Answers
What is a significant concern regarding the use of chlorine dioxide?
Which of the following is a beneficial effect of nitric oxide in the human body?
What is the primary use of nitrous oxide in medical settings?
What type of acids do many nonmetal oxides produce when they react with water?
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What percentage of mass of phosphoric acid is typically found in root beers?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes nonmetals?
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What is the physical state of bromine at room temperature?
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What characteristic distinguishes nonmetals from metals?
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Which of the following is a diatomic molecule that exists in gaseous form at standard conditions?
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What happens to phosphorus when it reacts with oxygen?
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Which groups contain the more reactive nonmetals?
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What defines electronegativity in the context of nonmetals?
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Which statement is true regarding the melting and boiling points of nonmetals?
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What happens to phosphorus when it reacts with oxygen?
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Which of the following compounds is a hydrogen compound of group 16 nonmetals?
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What is a key characteristic of nonmetals with large electronegativities?
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Which statement is true regarding calcium and phosphorus?
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Which hydrogen compound is in a liquid state at 25°C and 1 atm?
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What is a major factor in the formation of photochemical smog?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the behavior of nonmetals?
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What is the electronegativity value of phosphorus?
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Study Notes
Nonmetals
- Nonmetals are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity, not malleable or ductile, and many are gases at room temperature, some are liquids, and others are solids.
- Metalloids have properties that bridge the gap between metals and nonmetals. They behave like nonmetals but can conduct electricity under specific conditions.
- They are crucial components of computers and electronic devices.
- Approximately 18 elements are classified as nonmetals.
- Most nonmetals exist as gases (like oxygen) or solids (like carbon) at room temperature.
- Only bromine is a liquid at room temperature.
- Nonmetals are brittle, cannot be stretched into wires or shaped into sheets.
- Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
- They lack metallic luster and do not reflect light.
- Nonmetals have generally lower melting points compared to metals, but their melting points vary greatly.
- Seven nonmetals exist as diatomic molecules under standard conditions: H2 (g), N2 (g), O2 (g), F2 (g), Cl2 (g), Br2 (l), I2 (s).
Chemistry of Nonmetals
- Main group metals are oxidized in all their chemical reactions. They are oxidized when they react with nonmetals.
- For example, aluminum is oxidized by bromine.
- Nonmetals can undergo both oxidation and reduction.
- Phosphorus is oxidized when it reacts with oxygen to form P4O10.
- Phosphorus is reduced when it reacts with calcium to form calcium phosphide.
Electronegativity
- Electronegativity measures an atom's ability to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond.
- The relative electronegativity of elements helps understand chemical reactions.
- Phosphorus (EN = 2.19) is less electronegative than oxygen (EN = 3.44).
- When phosphorus reacts with oxygen, electrons are drawn toward oxygen, leading to phosphorus oxidation and oxygen reduction.
- Calcium (EN = 1.00) is less electronegative than phosphorus (EN = 2.19).
- When they react, electrons are drawn toward phosphorus, leading to calcium oxidation and phosphorus reduction.
Summary of Nonmetal Behavior
- Nonmetals tend to oxidize metals.
- Nonmetals with high electronegativity (like oxygen and chlorine) oxidize substances they react with.
- Nonmetals with low electronegativity (like hydrogen and carbon) can reduce other substances.
Hydrogen Compounds of Nonmetals
- The table below shows important hydrogen compounds of nonmetals.
- Physical states are listed for 25ᵒC and 1 atm.
| Group 15 | Group 16 | Group 17 |
|---|---|---|
| Ammonia, NH3(g) | Water, H20 (l) | Hydrogen fluoride, HF (g) |
| Hydrazine, N2H4(l) | Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 (l) | Hydrogen chloride, HCl (g) |
| Hydrazoic acid, HN3(l) | Hydrogen sulfide, H2S (g) | Hydrogen bromide, HBr (g) |
| Phosphine, PH3 (l) | Hydrogen iodide, HI (g) | |
| Disphosphine, P2H4(l) |
- Ammonia plays a significant role in the production of fertilizers and various nitrogen compounds.
Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetals
- The below table shows important oxygen compounds of nonmetals.
- Physical states are listed for 25ᵒC and 1 atm.
- Compounds decomposing below 25ᵒC are marked as (d).
| Group 15 | Group 16 | Group 17 |
|---|---|---|
| Dinitrogen monoxide, N2O(g) | Sulfur dioxide, SO2(g) | Chlorine dioxide, ClO2(d) |
| Nitrogen monoxide, NO(g) | Sulfur trioxide (d), SO3 (d) | |
| Dinitrogen trioxide (d), N2O3 (d) | ||
| Nitrogen dioxide, NO2(g) | ||
| Dinitrogen pentoxide (d), N2O5 (d) |
- Nitrogen dioxide, a reddish-brown gas, is crucial in photochemical smog formation.
- Chlorine dioxide, a yellow gas, is used as an industrial bleach and water purifier. However, it can explode at higher partial pressures (above 50 mmHg).
- Nitric oxide, a minor but harmful component of the atmosphere. It is involved in the formation of smog and acid rain.
- Small amounts of Nitric oxide are produced in the human body, where it has beneficial effects. It dilates blood vessels, lowering blood pressure and reducing the risk of strokes or heart attacks.
- The best known oxide of nitrogen is nitrous oxide or "laughing gas," commonly used as an anesthetic, particularly in dentistry. It also serves as the propellant gas in whipped cream containers. Nitrous oxide is nontoxic, nearly tasteless, and dissolves readily in vegetable oils.
Reactions of Nonmetal Oxides with Water
- Many nonmetal oxides are acidic, reacting with water to form acids.
- For example, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), a weak acid responsible for the carbonation in beverages.
- Sulfur dioxide reacts with water to form sulfurous acid (H2SO3). Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4), a strong acid used in industrial processes.
- Phosphoric acid is added in small amounts to soft drinks for a tart taste. It contributes about 0.05% by mass in colas and 0.01% in root beers.
Example 2
- Give the formula of the oxide that reacts with water to form:
a. Sulfuric acid - The oxide is sulfur trioxide (SO3). b. Nitric acid - The oxide is nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5). c. Phosphoric acid - The oxide is phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10).
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of nonmetals and metalloids with this quiz. Learn about their properties, classifications, and roles in everyday life. Discover the unique characteristics that set them apart from metals, as well as their significance in technology.
