Questions and Answers
Identify the number and kinds of atoms present in a molecule of C6H8O6.
6 x C, 8 x H, 6 x O
Identify the number and kinds of atoms present in a molecule of C12H22O11.
12 x C, 22 x H, 11 x O
Describe the difference between molecular formula and structural formulas.
Molecular formula = H2O; Structural formula = showing spatial arrangement
Classify the following compounds as ionic or covalent: MgCl2, Na2S, H2O, H2S. (Select all that apply)
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How many electrons do two atoms in a double bond share?
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How many electrons do two atoms in a triple bond share?
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Which of these compounds contains elements that do not follow the octet rule? (Select all that apply)
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What types of hybrid orbitals are involved in the bonding of the carbon atoms in the following molecules? CH4, H2C=CH2, HC:::CH, N:::C-C:::N.
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Which of these molecules is least likely to form a hydrogen bond with a water molecule?
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Give the angles between the orbitals of each hybrid.
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What shape for a molecule with two bonding pairs of electrons and two non-bonding pairs of electrons?
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What shape for a molecule with four bonding pairs and zero non-bonding pairs?
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What shape for a molecule with three bonding pairs and one non-bonding pair?
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Define VSEPR Theory.
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List properties of covalent compounds.
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Study Notes
Molecular Composition
- C6H8O6: Contains 6 carbon (C), 8 hydrogen (H), and 6 oxygen (O) atoms.
- C12H22O11: Comprises 12 carbon (C), 22 hydrogen (H), and 11 oxygen (O) atoms.
Molecular vs. Structural Formulas
- Molecular formula indicates the quantity of each type of atom (e.g., H2O).
- Structural formula illustrates the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Classification of Compounds
- MgCl2: Ionic compound.
- Na2S: Ionic compound.
- H2O: Covalent compound.
- H2S: Covalent compound.
Bonding and Electrons
- Double bond: Two atoms share 4 electrons.
- Triple bond: Two atoms share 6 electrons.
Octet Rule Exceptions
- PCl2F3 and SF6 contain elements that do not adhere to the octet rule.
Hybrid Orbitals in Carbon Compounds
- CH4: Uses sp3 hybrid orbitals.
- H2C=CH2: Uses sp2 hybrid orbitals.
- HC≡CH: Utilizes sp hybrid orbitals.
- N≡C-C≡N: Involves sp hybrid orbitals.
Hydrogen Bond Formation
- CH3Cl is least likely to form a hydrogen bond with water molecules.
Hybrid Orbital Angles
- sp3 hybridized orbitals have a tetrahedral angle of 109.5 degrees.
- sp2 hybridized orbitals have a trigonal planar angle of 120 degrees.
- sp hybridized orbitals have a linear angle of 180 degrees.
Molecular Geometry
- AB2E2 indicates a molecule with two bonding and two non-bonding pairs; shape is bent.
- AB4 signifies a molecule with four bonding pairs and no non-bonding pairs; shape is tetrahedral.
- AB3E describes a molecule with three bonding pairs and one non-bonding pair; shape is trigonal pyramidal.
VSEPR Theory Components
- VSEPR:
- V = Valence
- S = Shell
- E = Electron
- P = Pair
- R = Repulsion
Properties of Covalent Compounds
- Generally have low melting and boiling points.
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity.
- Can exist as solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature.
- Most are insoluble in water; many are soluble in fats and oils.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of molecular composition, including molecular and structural formulas. It also explores various types of compounds, bonding types, exceptions to the octet rule, and hybrid orbitals in carbon compounds. Test your knowledge on these fundamental chemistry concepts.
