Chemistry: Molecular Shape and Intermolecular Forces

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Questions and Answers

What is activation energy?

Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur, related to the strength and number of existing chemical bonds.

Which factors can affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

Temperature (correct)

Concentration (correct)

Presence of a catalyst (correct)

Surface area (correct)

Pressure (correct)

Activation energy influences the rate of a chemical reaction.

True

Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur, and is influenced by the strength and number of existing chemical _ _ _ _ _.

bonds Signup and view all the answers

According to VSEPR theory, what are the approximate bond angles for the following molecular shapes: linear, bent, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, and pyramidal?

180° (linear), 104.5° (bent), 120° (trigonal planar), 109° (tetrahedral), 107° (pyramidal) Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary types of intermolecular forces found within molecular covalent substances?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Temperature changes have no effect on the solubility of most gases.

False Signup and view all the answers

PH is dependent on the concentration of _______ ions in a solution.

hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is activation energy (Ea) related to in a chemical reaction?

strength and number of the existing chemical bonds Signup and view all the answers

What do catalysts, including enzymes and metal nanoparticles, affect in chemical reactions?

Activation energy Signup and view all the answers

Activation energy (Ea) is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur and is related to the strength and number of the existing ______ bonds.

chemical Signup and view all the answers

What theory is used to predict and explain the shapes of molecules?

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory Signup and view all the answers

Which bond angles should be covered when applying VSEPR theory?

104.5° (bent) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of intermolecular forces mentioned in the content?

Dispersion forces, dipole-dipole attractions, and hydrogen bonding Signup and view all the answers

Molarity = [Blank].

$\frac{moles\ of\ solute\ (n)}{volume\ of\ solution\ (V)}$ Signup and view all the answers

Most gases become more soluble as the solvent temperature increases.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following properties with their effects on solubility:

Changes in temperature = Affect solubility Most gases = Less soluble as solvent temperature increases Most solutes = More soluble as the solvent temperature increases Signup and view all the answers

What is pH dependent on in a solution?

Hydrogen ions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Topic 1: Intermolecular Forces and Gases

Apply VSEPR theory to predict, draw, and explain molecular shapes
Use molecular shape, symmetry, and electronegativity to explain and predict molecular polarity
Explain the relationship between observable properties (vapour pressure, melting point, boiling point, and solubility) and intermolecular forces (dispersion forces, dipole-dipole attractions, and hydrogen bonding)
Construct 3D models of linear, bent, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, and pyramidal molecules

Topic 2: Aqueous Solutions and Acidity

Understand the unique properties of water (boiling point, density, surface tension, and ability to act as a solvent) due to its molecular shape and hydrogen bonding
Distinguish between solute, solvent, solution, and concentration
Recall that concentration can be represented in various ways (moles per litre, mass per litre, or parts per million)
Distinguish between unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated solutions
Apply solubility rules to determine products of reactions and predict precipitate formation
Determine the presence of specific ions in solutions based on evidence from chemical reactions
Construct and use ionic formulas, chemical formulas, and chemical equations to communicate conceptual understanding

Topic 3: Rates of Chemical Reactions

Explain how varying conditions (temperature, surface area, pressure, concentration, and catalyst presence) affect the rate of chemical reactions
Use collision theory to explain and predict the effect of concentration, temperature, pressure, and surface area on reaction rates
Construct and explain Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves for reactions with and without catalysts
Recognize that activation energy is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
Sketch and use energy profile diagrams to represent enthalpy changes and activation energy associated with chemical reactions
Explain how catalysts (including enzymes and metal nanoparticles) affect reaction rates by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a reduced activation energy
Use mathematical representations to calculate the rate of chemical reactions by measuring the rate of formation of products or the depletion of reactants

Topic 1: Intermolecular Forces and Gases

Apply VSEPR theory to predict, draw, and explain molecular shapes
Use molecular shape, symmetry, and electronegativity to explain and predict molecular polarity
Explain the relationship between observable properties (vapour pressure, melting point, boiling point, and solubility) and intermolecular forces (dispersion forces, dipole-dipole attractions, and hydrogen bonding)
Construct 3D models of linear, bent, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, and pyramidal molecules

Topic 2: Aqueous Solutions and Acidity

Understand the unique properties of water (boiling point, density, surface tension, and ability to act as a solvent) due to its molecular shape and hydrogen bonding
Distinguish between solute, solvent, solution, and concentration
Recall that concentration can be represented in various ways (moles per litre, mass per litre, or parts per million)
Distinguish between unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated solutions
Apply solubility rules to determine products of reactions and predict precipitate formation
Determine the presence of specific ions in solutions based on evidence from chemical reactions
Construct and use ionic formulas, chemical formulas, and chemical equations to communicate conceptual understanding

Topic 3: Rates of Chemical Reactions

Explain how varying conditions (temperature, surface area, pressure, concentration, and catalyst presence) affect the rate of chemical reactions
Use collision theory to explain and predict the effect of concentration, temperature, pressure, and surface area on reaction rates
Construct and explain Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves for reactions with and without catalysts
Recognize that activation energy is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
Sketch and use energy profile diagrams to represent enthalpy changes and activation energy associated with chemical reactions
Explain how catalysts (including enzymes and metal nanoparticles) affect reaction rates by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a reduced activation energy
Use mathematical representations to calculate the rate of chemical reactions by measuring the rate of formation of products or the depletion of reactants

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Description

Apply VSEPR theory to predict molecular shapes, approximate bond angles, and understand intermolecular forces. Topics covered include linear, bent, trigonal planar, and tetravalent shapes.