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Questions and Answers
In a solid-liquid system, the solids are always the ______ while the liquids are the solvents.
In a solid-liquid system, the solids are always the ______ while the liquids are the solvents.
solutes
Solutions are composed of two components: ______ and solvent.
Solutions are composed of two components: ______ and solvent.
solute
In colloid chemistry, the pattern of particles is usually dispersed in a ______.
In colloid chemistry, the pattern of particles is usually dispersed in a ______.
medium
A colloid can consist of solid particles dispersed in a ______ medium.
A colloid can consist of solid particles dispersed in a ______ medium.
Colloids are characterized by their ability to scatter light, also known as the ______ effect.
Colloids are characterized by their ability to scatter light, also known as the ______ effect.
Lyophilic colloids are also known as 'liquid ______' colloids.
Lyophilic colloids are also known as 'liquid ______' colloids.
The particles in lyophobic colloids are only slightly ______ to each other.
The particles in lyophobic colloids are only slightly ______ to each other.
Colloids can be dispersed in a gas, liquid, or ______.
Colloids can be dispersed in a gas, liquid, or ______.
The ability of colloidal particles to scatter light is known as the ______ Effect.
The ability of colloidal particles to scatter light is known as the ______ Effect.
Brownian movement refers to the ______ irregular motion of colloidal particles.
Brownian movement refers to the ______ irregular motion of colloidal particles.
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Study Notes
Concentration of Solutions
- Mole fraction is calculated as the ratio of moles of solute or solvent to the total moles in the solution.
Colloids
- Colloids consist of two parts: dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
- Colloidal particles can be found in gas, liquid, or solid forms.
Types of Colloids
- Lyophilic Colloids: Strong attraction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium, referred to as “liquid loving.”
- Lyophobic Colloids: Weak attraction in the dispersion medium, termed as “liquid fearing.”
Properties of Colloids
- Particle Size: Ranges from 10 to 10,000 Angstroms (1-1,000 nanometers).
- Filterability: Colloid particles are smaller than filter paper pores, allowing them to pass through.
- Tyndall Effect: Colloidal particles can scatter light, making the beam visible.
- Brownian Movement: Random motion observed in colloidal particles under an electronic microscope.
Cell Life Cycle Stages
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's center.
- Anaphase: Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: New nuclei form, and cell division results in two daughter cells.
Biomolecules
- Biomolecules play crucial roles in cellular processes and are classified as follows:
Carbohydrates
- Types: Monosaccharides, disaccharides.
- Examples: Glucose, fructose, sucrose.
- Composition: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O).
Lipids
- Types: Fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides.
- Examples: Oleic acid, palmitic acid.
- Composition: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O).
Proteins
- Types: Fibrous, globular, simple, conjugate.
- Examples: Keratin, hemoglobin, collagen.
- Composition: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S).
Nucleic Acids
- Types: Nucleoids.
- Examples: DNA, RNA.
- Composition: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P).
Solutions
- Solutions consist of solutes (substances dissolved) and solvents (substances doing the dissolving).
- In solid-liquid systems, solids are solutes. In liquid-liquid systems, the substance in lesser quantity is the solute.
Solubility
- Describes the capacity of a substance to dissolve in another, categorized as soluble, moderately soluble, or insoluble.
Common Terms in Solutions
- Osmosis: Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration.
- Diffusion: Passive transport of substances from higher to lower concentration.
- Reverse Osmosis: Water moves from a salt solution to pure water, useful in desalination.
- Isotonic Solution: Solutions with identical solute concentrations.
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