Chemistry: Matter and WHMIS Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about the particle model of matter is INCORRECT?

Particles in a solid are more spread out than particles in a liquid. (correct)

Particles are always in motion.

All particles in one substance are the same.

Particles are attracted to each other.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the rate of dissolving?

The type of container used to hold the solution. (correct)

Particle size of the solute

Temperature

Agitation

Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?

Sugar dissolved in water.

Sand and water (correct)

Air

Saltwater

What is the difference between a saturated solution and a supersaturated solution?

A supersaturated solution contains more solute than a saturated solution at a specific temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about density is TRUE?

Density is a measure of how much mass is in a given volume. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a substance that is soluble in water?

Sugar Signup and view all the answers

Why is water considered the universal solvent?

Water is able to dissolve many different substances. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a pure substance?

Gold Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a compound?

Sugar. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following WHMIS symbols is used to represent a corrosive substance?

A hand with a burn mark Signup and view all the answers

What formula represents Mechanical Advantage (MA) in hydraulic systems?

MA = Output Force / Input Force Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect measures how well a device performs its intended function?

Effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

In a hydraulic system, what happens to the pressure when the area of the input piston is decreased while the force remains constant?

Pressure increases. Signup and view all the answers

How does technological development in mechanical devices primarily relate to changes in society?

It is driven by the need for devices to be more efficient, safer, and less expensive. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating Work in mechanical systems?

Work = Force x Distance Signup and view all the answers

Which term is most closely associated with the physical appearance and structure of a mechanical device?

Design Signup and view all the answers

What key factor is required for a hydraulic system to function effectively?

Pressure created by the input piston Signup and view all the answers

What describes how quickly and easily a mechanical device assists the user?

Efficiency Signup and view all the answers

When discussing the environment, which aspect highlights the development of more efficient vehicles?

Changes in the environment Signup and view all the answers

If the input force in a hydraulic system is halved while the area remains constant, what happens to the output force?

The output force is halved. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between temperature and viscosity for liquids and gases?

Liquids experience a decrease in viscosity as temperature increases, while gases experience an increase in viscosity as temperature increases. Signup and view all the answers

A diver is submerged in water and remains stationary. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the buoyant force acting on the diver?

The buoyant force is equal to the force of gravity acting on the diver. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is MOST suitable for separating a mixture of sand and salt?

Filtration Signup and view all the answers

A simple machine is MOST accurately defined as:

A device that amplifies the force applied to it, making it easier to move a load. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a simple machine?

Hydraulic System Signup and view all the answers

If the work input is 100 joules (J) and the work output is 80 J, what is the efficiency of the machine?

80% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the concept of Pascal's Law?

Using a hydraulic jack to lift a car. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a fluid?

It exhibits a definite volume. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the density of an object is CORRECT?

The density of an object is a measure of its mass per unit of volume. Signup and view all the answers

If a block of wood floats in water, which of the following is TRUE about the buoyant force acting on the wood?

The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the wood. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

WHMIS

WHMIS stands for Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
Used to identify hazardous materials and how to handle them
Presented through signs indicating the dangers of a substance or product

Matter

Everything is composed of tiny particles
All particles within a substance are identical
Particles have spaces between them
Particles are constantly moving
Particles attract each other

Classification of Matter

Matter is classified into pure substances and mixtures
Pure substances are further divided into compounds and elements
Mixtures are categorized into heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures are a type of solution
Heterogeneous mixtures include mechanical mixtures, colloids, and suspensions

Solutions

A solution is formed by dissolving one substance in another
Dissolving occurs due to attractions between particles
Solvent dissolves the solute to form a solution
Soluble means able to dissolve, insoluble means unable to dissolve
Water is a universal solvent, dissolving many materials
Factors affecting dissolving: agitation, temperature, particle size
Unsaturated: less than maximum solute
Saturated: maximum solute
Supersaturated: more than maximum solute at a specific temperature

Concentration

Measures the amount of solute in a solvent
There's a maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent

Density

Measures how much mass is packed into a specific volume
Solids are tightly packed, liquids loosely, gases widely (exceptions exist)
Density decreases with increasing temperature, and increases with decreasing temperature
Formula: Density (d) = Mass (m) / Volume (v)

Viscosity

Measures a fluid's resistance to flow
High viscosity: thick, flows slowly
Low viscosity: thin, flows easily
Viscosity depends on the attractive forces between particles
Viscosity of liquids decreases with increasing temperature, and increases with decreasing temperature, the inverse applies in the case of gas

Buoyancy

Upward force exerted by a fluid, opposing gravity
Objects float if buoyant force exceeds gravity, sink if gravity exceeds buoyant force
Density of the fluid affects buoyant force
Density of a fluid, increases with increased density

Separating Mixtures

Mechanical sorting: physically separating materials
Evaporation: separating soluble solids from liquids
Filtration: separating insoluble solids from liquids
Chromatography: separating components based on different movement rates in a solvent
Simple distillation: separating a solvent from a solution
Fractional distillation: separating different liquids from a mixture

Simple Machines

Inclined plane: ramp to lift loads with less force
Screw: cylinder with a spiral groove
Pulley: cable moving on a wheel
Wedge: inclined plane forced into an object
Wheel and axle: two wheels (different diameters) turning together
Lever (3 classes): Class 1 (fulcrum in the middle), Class 2 (load in the middle), Class 3 (effort in the middle)

Complex Machines

Systems of simple machines performing a task together
System: group of machines/devices completing a task
Subsystem: individual device within a system with a specific function
Mechanical devices: subsystems that transfer energy/power

The Science of Work

Work depends on force and distance (in the direction of force)
Work = Force x Distance
Energy and work are closely related, without energy there's no work
Machines don't reduce the amount of work, just the force needed

Efficiency

How well a device performs the desired task/outcome
Efficiency = (Work output / Work input) x 100%

Hydraulics

Hydraulic systems use liquid pressure to move loads
Increase mechanical advantage, allows for small forces to have large effects
Input piston applies pressure to fluid, output piston transfers pressure
Pascal’s Law: Pressure applied in an enclosed fluid is transmitted throughout
Mechanical advantage (MA) = Output force / Input force
Pressure = Force / Area
Work = Force x Distance

Mechanical Devices

Efficiency: effectiveness, speed, and ease of use
Effectiveness: desired outcome
Function: purpose/task
Design: physical form
Technology development driven by advances in science, societal changes (easier work, safer/cheaper), and environmental factors (vehicles efficiency)

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in chemistry related to the classification of matter, including pure substances and mixtures. It also introduces WHMIS, the system used to identify hazardous materials in the workplace. Test your understanding of these fundamental principles!