Chemistry: Matter and Its Properties
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Questions and Answers

What defines matter?

  • Anything that can interact with light
  • Anything that can change state
  • Anything that has a temperature and energy
  • Anything that has mass and volume (correct)

Which statement best describes physical properties?

  • They can only be observed through chemical changes.
  • They always require precise numerical measurements.
  • They are characteristics that involve new substance formation.
  • They can be measured or observed without changing the substance. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a physical change?

  • Burning wood (correct)
  • Dissolving sugar in water
  • Melting ice
  • Crushing gravel

An example of a chemical property is:

<p>Combustibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is indicative of a chemical change?

<p>A new solid precipitate forming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about particles in matter is true?

<p>Particles have large spaces between them and are in constant random motion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical property can be quantified?

<p>Boiling point (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes is likely the easiest to reverse?

<p>Melting chocolate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ecosystem primarily composed of?

<p>Both biotic and abiotic components (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily determines the survival of species within the biosphere?

<p>Water and nutrients availability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism is classified as a producer?

<p>Green plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?

<p>They obtain energy by breaking down dead organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which conditions does photosynthesis occur most effectively?

<p>During the daytime when the sun is shining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is primarily taken in from the atmosphere during photosynthesis?

<p>Carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis that is essential for living organisms?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of organisms participate in cellular respiration?

<p>Both animals and plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a community within an ecosystem?

<p>All populations of different species living together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results when ecosystems become unbalanced?

<p>Harder survival for many organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the boiling point of pure water?

<p>100 degrees C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is used to distinguish pure substances?

<p>Boiling point (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate density?

<p>D = m / V (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of elements includes very reactive non-metals?

<p>Halogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the subscript in a chemical formula indicate?

<p>Number of atoms of that element (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the periodic table is true?

<p>Elements are categorized by their atomic number. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic property of water?

<p>Freezing point of 100 degrees C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In standard atomic notation, what does the atomic number represent?

<p>Number of protons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Earth's atmosphere?

<p>Maintains temperatures suitable for life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of noble gases?

<p>Colorless and odorless (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a biome?

<p>A region with a specific climate and organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a life jacket keep a person afloat?

<p>It has a density less than water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT used to classify elements in the periodic table?

<p>Size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

What is a physical property?

A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's chemical composition.

What is a chemical property?

A property describing how a substance reacts to form new substances.

What is a chemical change?

A change where a new substance is formed with different properties.

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What is a physical change?

A change that alters the form or state of a substance but doesn't change its chemical composition.

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What is combustibility?

The ability for a substance to burn in the presence of oxygen.

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What is a characteristic physical property?

A characteristic of a substance that makes it unique and helps identify it.

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What is melting?

The process of a solid changing into a liquid due to increased temperature.

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Biosphere

The part of Earth where life exists, including all living organisms and their environments.

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Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

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Population

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same ecosystem.

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Community

All the different populations of species living in the same ecosystem.

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Ecosystem

All the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors in a specific area.

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Producers

Living organisms that can make their own food using sunlight.

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Consumers

Organisms that get their energy by eating other organisms.

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Decomposers

Organisms that break down dead organisms and waste into simpler substances.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make food (glucose) and release oxygen.

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Cellular Respiration

The process by which organisms use oxygen and glucose to produce energy, releasing water and carbon dioxide.

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Density

The amount of mass per unit volume of a substance.

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Boiling Point

The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas.

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Melting Point

The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.

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Freezing Point

The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid.

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Elements

A pure substance that cannot be broken down further by any physical or chemical means.

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Compounds

A pure substance composed of two or more different elements that are chemically joined.

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Chemical Symbols

A one or two letter code for the element. The first letter is always capitalized, the second is lowercase.

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Periodic Table

Elements organized according to their properties, arranged in rows (periods) and columns (groups or families).

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Chemical Families

A group of elements in the periodic table that share similar chemical and physical properties.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

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Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

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Atmosphere

The thin layer of gases that surrounds Earth.

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Lithosphere

The rocky outer shell of Earth, including mountains and ocean floors.

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Hydrosphere

All of the water on, above, and below Earth's surface.

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Study Notes

Matter and its Properties

  • Chemistry: The study of matter and its changes.
  • Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space (volume).
  • Particle Theory of Matter:
    • All matter is composed of tiny particles.
    • Particles have spaces between them.
    • Different substances have different types of particles.
    • Particles are constantly in motion.
    • Increasing temperature increases particle speed.
    • Forces of attraction exist between particles.

Physical Properties

  • Physical properties: Characteristics observed without forming new substances.
  • Qualitative properties: Observed using senses (e.g., color, texture, odor, physical state).
  • Quantitative properties: Measured numerically (e.g., density, boiling point).
  • Physical change: Does not create a new substance; examples include state changes (boiling, melting), altering form (crushing, folding), dissolving, crystallizing.

Chemical Properties and Changes

  • Chemical property: Describes how a substance reacts to form new substances (e.g., combustibility, reactivity with acids/bases, corrosivity).
  • Chemical change: Always creates new substances with different properties.
  • Clues of chemical change: Unexpected color change, precipitate formation, gas formation (bubbles/odor), energy change (light/sound, temperature change).
  • Reversing chemical change: Usually difficult but not always impossible.

Physical Properties for Identification

  • Characteristic physical properties: Unique to substances, used to identify them.
  • Uniqueness: Due to each substance's composition and structure.
  • Determination: Can be determined without changing the substance's composition.
  • Examples:
    • Density: Mass per unit volume (g/cm³ or g/mL).
    • Freezing point: Temperature at which a liquid turns to a solid.
    • Melting point: Temperature at which a solid turns to a liquid.
    • Boiling point: Temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas.
  • Importance: Distinguish pure substances, determine substance uses.

Water's Properties

  • Pure water: Identifiable by its:
    • Density: 1.00 g/mL
    • Freezing point: 0°C
    • Boiling point: 100°C

Density Calculations

  • Density (D): Mass (m) per volume (V). Formula: D = m/V
  • Units: g/cm³ or g/mL.
  • Solving problems: Use GUESS method (Given, Unknown, Equation, Substitute, Statement).
    • V = m/D
    • m = D x V
    • D = m/V

Periodic Table

  • Elements: Pure substances, cannot be broken down further.
  • Chemical symbols: One or two-letter codes for elements (first capitalized, second lowercase).
  • Compounds: Pure substances composed of two or more elements chemically joined.
  • Organization:
    • Organized by increasing atomic number into periods (rows) and groups/families (columns).
    • Elements in the same group share similar properties.
    • Dmitri Mendeleev's original table.
  • Groups (families):
    • Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals
    • Halogens, Noble gases
    • Hydrogen (unique group of one element)

Counting Atoms

  • Atomic notation: Shows element, atomic number, and mass number (e.g., ¹²₆C). Allows finding protons (p⁺), electrons (e⁻), and neutrons (n⁰).
  • Subscripts: Indicate the number of atoms of each element in a compound.
  • Coefficients: Indicate the number of molecules of a compound.

Spheres of Earth

  • Interconnected systems: Earth's spheres (biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere) depend on each other.
  • Biosphere: Living organisms.
  • Hydrosphere: Water.
  • Lithosphere: Land, rocks.
  • Atmosphere: Gases.

Ecosystem

  • Ecosystem: All biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors in an area.
  • Species: Group of similar organisms that can interbreed.
  • Population: Group of one species in an ecosystem.
  • Community: All populations in an ecosystem.
  • Sustainable ecosystems: Maintain consistent characteristics over time.
  • Abiotic factors: Nonliving (sunlight, rocks, air).
  • Biotic factors: Living (plants, animals).

Feeding Roles

  • Producers: Make their own food (plants, algae).
  • Consumers: Obtain energy from other organisms (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, scavengers).
  • Decomposers: Break down dead organisms (bacteria, fungi).

Photosynthesis

  • Process: Plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.
  • Where: Chloroplasts in plants.
  • Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Cellular Respiration

  • Process: Organisms break down glucose using oxygen to release energy (metabolism).
  • Products: Water, carbon dioxide.
  • Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of matter and its properties in this quiz. Understand the particle theory and differentiate between physical and chemical properties. Test your knowledge on the characteristics of matter and the changes it undergoes.

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