Chemistry Isotopes and Average Atomic Mass

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Questions and Answers

What is the average atomic mass given in the content?

35.45 amu

What is the percent abundance of boron-11?

80%

The mass of boron-11 is ______ amu.

11.009306

The mass of boron-10 is ______ amu.

10.012937 Signup and view all the answers

What equation is used to calculate average atomic mass using isotopes?

(% B-11)(mass B-11) + (% B-10)(mass B-10) = average atomic mass Signup and view all the answers

How do the percentages of the isotopes relate to each other?

The two percentages have to add up to 100%. Signup and view all the answers

How many protons are in an atom of sodium?

11 protons Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons are in an atom of bromine?

35 electrons Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons are in an atom of nickel?

28 electrons Signup and view all the answers

How many protons are in an atom of radon?

86 protons Signup and view all the answers

How many neutrons are in an atom of potassium-40?

21 neutrons Signup and view all the answers

How is the atomic number related to the number of protons in an atom?

The atomic number is equal to the number of protons. Signup and view all the answers

How is the mass number of an atom related to the number of neutrons?

The mass number is equal to the number of neutrons plus the atomic number. Signup and view all the answers

How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in an atom of copper-63?

29 protons, 29 electrons, and 34 neutrons Signup and view all the answers

An atom has a mass number of 14 and 6 electrons. How many protons and neutrons does it have?

6 protons and 8 neutrons Signup and view all the answers

An atom has 40 electrons and 51 neutrons. What is its mass number, and how many protons does it have?

Mass number 91, 40 protons Signup and view all the answers

What does the top number in isotope notation represent?

The mass number Signup and view all the answers

What does the bottom number in isotope notation represent?

The number of protons Signup and view all the answers

How many protons and neutrons are in ¹⁸₉F?

9 protons, 9 neutrons Signup and view all the answers

How many protons and neutrons are in ²⁵₁₁ Na?

11 protons, 14 neutrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the isotope notation for an atom of carbon-12?

¹²₆C Signup and view all the answers

What is the isotope notation for an atom of chlorine-37?

³⁷₁₇Cl Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of Ar?

argon-35 Signup and view all the answers

How does an ion differ from an atom of the same element with regard to the numbers of subatomic particles?

An ion has a different number of electrons from the atom. Signup and view all the answers

When two atoms or ions have the same number of electrons, they're said to be __________.

isoelectronic Signup and view all the answers

When an ion has a positive charge, how do the numbers of subatomic particles differ?

The number of protons is greater than the number of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

When an ion has a negative charge, how do the numbers of subatomic particles differ?

The number of protons is less than the number of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

How many protons and electrons does ⁴⁰₂₀C²⁺ have?

20 protons and 18 electrons Signup and view all the answers

How many protons and electrons does ¹³¹₅₃I¹⁻ have?

53 protons and 54 electrons Signup and view all the answers

How many protons and electrons does ³⁰₁₃Al³⁺ have?

13 protons and 10 electrons Signup and view all the answers

How many protons and electrons does ³³P ³⁻ have?

15 protons and 18 electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the isotope notation for an ion of silver-109 with a charge of positive 1?

To write the isotope notation, start with the symbol for silver, Ag. Signup and view all the answers

What is the isotope notation for an ion of sulfur-34 with a charge of negative 2?

³⁴₁₆S²⁻ Signup and view all the answers

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in ⁵²Cr ⁶⁺?

24 protons, 28 neutrons, 18 electrons Signup and view all the answers

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in ⁶²Ni ³⁺?

28 protons, 34 neutrons, 25 electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the premise that one electron fills each orbital in a subshell until all orbitals contain one electron?

Hund's rule Signup and view all the answers

What rule or principle describes the order in which electrons fill orbitals?

Aufbau principle Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be in the f orbitals?

14 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be in the p orbitals?

6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron configuration of carbon?

1s²2s²2p² Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron configuration of magnesium?

1s²2s²2p⁶3s² Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron configuration of argon?

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶ Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron configuration of bromine?

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁵ Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron configuration of zirconium?

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d² Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected electron configuration of plutonium?

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f⁶ Signup and view all the answers

Which quantum number describes the spin of the electron?

the spin quantum number Signup and view all the answers

Which quantum number describes the average distance between the nucleus and the orbital?

the principal quantum number Signup and view all the answers

Which quantum number describes how the various orbitals are oriented in space?

the magnetic quantum number Signup and view all the answers

Which quantum number describes the shape of the orbital?

the angular momentum quantum number Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible values for the spin quantum number?

-1/2, 1/2 Signup and view all the answers

The decimal numbers in the blocks of the periodic table represent the __________.

average atomic mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the average atomic mass of lithium that is 7.59% lithium-6 and 92.41% lithium-7?

6.940 amu Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Atomic Structure

Sodium (Na) has 11 protons, equal to its atomic number.
Bromine (Br) has 35 protons and 35 electrons, making it a neutral atom.
Nickel (Ni) contains 28 electrons, matching its 28 protons.
Radon (Rn) has 86 protons as its atomic number indicates.

Neutrons and Isotopes

Potassium-40 has 21 neutrons calculated by subtracting its atomic number (19) from its mass number (40).
Copper-63 has 29 protons, 29 electrons, and 34 neutrons (63 - 29).
An atom with a mass number of 14 and 6 electrons has 6 protons and 8 neutrons (14 - 6).
An atom with 40 electrons and 51 neutrons has a mass number of 91, revealing it has 40 protons.

Isotope Notation

The top number in isotope notation represents the mass number.
The bottom number represents the number of protons (atomic number).
¹⁸₉F has 9 protons and 9 neutrons (18 - 9).
²⁵₁₁Na has 11 protons and 14 neutrons (25 - 11).
Carbon-12 is denoted as ¹²₆C in isotope notation.

Ions and Charges

Ions differ from neutral atoms by having unequal numbers of protons and electrons.
Isoelectronic refers to atoms/ions having the same number of electrons.
A positively charged ion has more protons than electrons; a negatively charged ion has more electrons than protons.

Subatomic Particles in Ions

⁴⁰₂₀C²⁺ has 20 protons and 18 electrons (20 - 2 due to charge).
¹³¹₅₃I¹⁻ has 53 protons and 54 electrons (53 + 1 due to charge).
³⁰₁₃Al³⁺ contains 13 protons and 10 electrons (13 - 3 due to charge).
³³P³⁻ has 15 protons and 18 electrons (15 + 3 due to charge).

Electron Configuration

Hund's rule states each orbital in a subshell fills singly before pairing starts.
The Aufbau principle dictates the order in which electrons fill orbitals based on energy levels.
Maximum electrons in f orbitals: 14; in p orbitals: 6.
Carbon’s electron configuration is 1s²2s²2p², totaling 6 electrons.

Average Atomic Mass

Average atomic mass is calculated using relative abundances and isotopic masses.
Lithium's average atomic mass calculated from isotopes is 6.940 amu.
Chlorine's average atomic mass calculated from isotopes is 35.45 amu.
Percent abundance for boron-11 when given average atomic mass involves creating and solving a related equation.

Quantum Numbers

The spin quantum number (s) describes an electron's spin direction.
The principal quantum number (n) indicates average distance from nucleus to orbital.
The magnetic quantum number (ml) describes orientation of orbitals in space.
The angular momentum quantum number (l) describes the shape of the orbital.
Spin quantum number values are -1/2 and 1/2, indicating two spin directions.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the concepts of average atomic mass, specifically related to boron isotopes. You will be tested on the percent abundance of boron-11, the masses of boron-10 and boron-11, and the equation used to calculate average atomic mass using isotopes. Additionally, you'll explore how the percentages of isotopes relate to each other.