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Questions and Answers
What is the relationship between lattice energy and the charge of the ions?
What is the relationship between lattice energy and the charge of the ions?
Lattice energy is directly proportional to the charge of the ions.
How does the size of an ion affect the strength of an ionic bond?
How does the size of an ion affect the strength of an ionic bond?
Smaller ions have a higher charge density, resulting in stronger bonds, while larger ions have a lower charge density, resulting in weaker bonds.
What is the purpose of the radius ratio rule in predicting lattice structures?
What is the purpose of the radius ratio rule in predicting lattice structures?
The radius ratio rule predicts the type of lattice structure formed based on the radius ratio of the cation to the anion.
What is the Madelung constant, and what does it account for?
What is the Madelung constant, and what does it account for?
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What are the three steps involved in the Born-Haber cycle?
What are the three steps involved in the Born-Haber cycle?
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How does lattice energy affect the solubility of an ionic compound?
How does lattice energy affect the solubility of an ionic compound?
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How does the radius ratio of the cation to the anion affect the lattice structure?
How does the radius ratio of the cation to the anion affect the lattice structure?
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What is the relationship between dissolution energy and lattice energy?
What is the relationship between dissolution energy and lattice energy?
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What is the main factor that determines the strength of an ionic bond?
What is the main factor that determines the strength of an ionic bond?
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Why is it important to consider both lattice energy and hydration energy when predicting solubility?
Why is it important to consider both lattice energy and hydration energy when predicting solubility?
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Study Notes
Ion Size and Radius Effects
- Ion size and radius affect the strength of ionic bonds:
- Smaller ions have a higher charge density, resulting in stronger bonds
- Larger ions have a lower charge density, resulting in weaker bonds
- Radius ratio rule (see below) helps predict the type of lattice structure formed based on ion size and radius
Lattice Energy
- Lattice energy: the energy required to separate one mole of solid ionic compound into its constituent ions in the gas phase
- Lattice energy is directly proportional to the charge of the ions and inversely proportional to the distance between them
- Higher lattice energy indicates a stronger ionic bond
Radius Ratio Rule
- Predicts the type of lattice structure formed based on the radius ratio of the cation to the anion
- Radius ratio = r(cation) / r(anion)
- Radius ratio ranges:
- <0.15: linear or bent molecules
- 0.15-0.41: trigonal planar
- 0.41-0.73: tetrahedral
- 0.73-1.37: octahedral
- >1.37: cubic or body-centered cubic
Madelung Constant and Born-Haber Cycle
- Madelung constant: a factor that accounts for the electrostatic interactions between ions in a lattice
- Born-Haber cycle: a thermodynamic cycle that calculates the lattice energy of an ionic compound
- Born-Haber cycle involves:
- Atomization of elements to form gaseous atoms
- Ionization of gaseous atoms to form ions
- Formation of the ionic lattice from the ions
- Lattice energy is calculated from the sum of the energies involved in these steps
Solubility and Dissolution Energy
- Solubility of an ionic compound is influenced by the lattice energy and the hydration energy of the ions
- Dissolution energy: the energy required to dissolve one mole of an ionic compound in water
- Dissolution energy is the sum of the lattice energy and the hydration energy
- Higher lattice energy and lower hydration energy result in lower solubility
Ion Size and Radius Effects
- Smaller ions have a higher charge density, resulting in stronger ionic bonds
- Larger ions have a lower charge density, resulting in weaker ionic bonds
- Radius ratio rule helps predict the type of lattice structure formed based on ion size and radius
Lattice Energy
- Lattice energy is the energy required to separate one mole of solid ionic compound into its constituent ions in the gas phase
- Lattice energy is directly proportional to the charge of the ions and inversely proportional to the distance between them
- Higher lattice energy indicates a stronger ionic bond
Radius Ratio Rule
- Radius ratio = r(cation) / r(anion)
- Radius ratio ranges determine the type of lattice structure formed
- For example, a radius ratio of 1.37 results in a cubic or body-centered cubic lattice structure
Madelung Constant and Born-Haber Cycle
- Madelung constant accounts for the electrostatic interactions between ions in a lattice
- Born-Haber cycle calculates the lattice energy of an ionic compound
- Born-Haber cycle involves three steps: atomization, ionization, and lattice formation
- Lattice energy is the sum of the energies involved in these three steps
Solubility and Dissolution Energy
- Solubility of an ionic compound is influenced by lattice energy and hydration energy
- Dissolution energy is the energy required to dissolve one mole of an ionic compound in water
- Dissolution energy is the sum of lattice energy and hydration energy
- Higher lattice energy and lower hydration energy result in lower solubility
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Description
Explore how ion size and radius impact the strength of ionic bonds, and learn about the radius ratio rule and lattice energy in ionic compounds.
