Chemistry H. Coulombic Attraction

Questions and Answers

What subatomic particles do these symbols represent in Model 1?

Protons (+) and Electrons (-)

Would you expect to observe attraction or repulsion between the subatomic particles in Model 1?

Expect to observe attraction.

Describe the relationship between force of attraction and the distance between the subatomic particles.

The closer the two subatomic particles are, the stronger the force of attraction is.

If the distance between a proton and an electron is 0.50 nm, would you expect the force of attraction to be greater than or less than 0.26 x 10^-8 N?

Less than. Signup and view all the answers

If two protons are 0.10 nm away from one electron, would you expect the force of attraction to be greater than or less than 2.30 x 10^-8 N?

Greater than. Signup and view all the answers

What do the arrows represent?

The arrows represent the distance between the electrons and the protons in the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

How does the thickness of the arrows relate to the property given?

The thicker the arrows are, the stronger the force of attraction is. Signup and view all the answers

Using a periodic table, locate the elements whose atoms are diagrammed in Model 2. Are the elements in the same column or the same row?

Same column. Signup and view all the answers

As you move from the smallest atom to the largest atom in Model 2, how does the distance between the outermost electron and the nucleus change?

The distance increases. Signup and view all the answers

As you move from the smallest atom to the largest atom in Model 2, how does the attractive force between the outermost electron and the nucleus change?

The attractive force weakens. Signup and view all the answers

Are your answers to parts A and B consistent with the information in Model 1?

Yes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the independent and dependent variables in the data?

Independent: consistent number of protons; Dependent: force of attraction. Signup and view all the answers

Write a complete sentence that describes the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in Model 3.

The more protons there are in the nucleus, the stronger the force of attraction is. Signup and view all the answers

What would be the attractive force on a single electron if five protons were in the nucleus of an atom? Show mathematical work to support your answer.

The attractive force would be 11.50 x 10^-8 N. Signup and view all the answers

Imagine that a second electron were placed to the left of a nucleus containing two protons. Predict the force of attraction on both the original electron and the second electron.

The force of attraction would be 2.30 x 10^-8 N. Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate attractive force on each electron below?

Approx. 4.60 x 10^-8 N. Signup and view all the answers

Using the periodic table, locate the elements whose atoms are diagrammed in Model 4. Are the elements in the same column or the same row?

Same row. Signup and view all the answers

Circle the outermost electron(s) in each of the atoms in Model 4.

[Circle] Signup and view all the answers

Which of the three atoms diagrammed in Model 4 has the strongest attraction for its outermost electrons?

Chlorine. Signup and view all the answers

As you move from the smallest atom to the largest atom, does the distance between the outermost electron(s) and the nucleus change significantly?

No. Signup and view all the answers

Can the differences in the attractive force shown by the arrows be explained by a change in the distance between the electron(s) and the nucleus?

No. Signup and view all the answers

On the diagrams in Model 4, write the number of protons located in the nucleus of each atom.

Sodium has 11, Aluminum has 13, and Chlorine has 17. Signup and view all the answers

Can the differences in attractive forces shown by the arrows in Model 4 be explained by a change in the number of protons in the nucleus? If yes, explain the relationship in Model 4.

Yes; the more protons in the nucleus, the stronger the attraction force. Signup and view all the answers

For each set of elements below, circle the element whose atoms will have a stronger attractive force between their outermost electron(s) and the nucleus.

A. Ca (Calcium), B. Cr (Chromium), C. Ar (Argon) Signup and view all the answers

On each diagram write the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.

[Label] Signup and view all the answers

Which factor- distance to the nucleus or number of protons in the nucleus- seems to be the dominant factor for determining the attractive force between the outermost electron(s) and the nucleus?

The number of protons in the nucleus is the dominant factor. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Coulombic Attraction in Chemistry

Protons carry a positive charge, while electrons have a negative charge, leading to attraction between them.
Subatomic particles (protons and electrons) exhibit attractive forces when they are close together; further distance results in weaker attraction.
If a proton and an electron are spaced 0.50 nm apart, the force of attraction is expected to be less than 0.26 x 10^-8 N.
Conversely, two protons positioned 0.10 nm from one electron will experience a force of attraction greater than 2.30 x 10^-8 N due to proximity.
The arrow thickness in diagrams indicates the distance between protons and electrons; thicker arrows signify stronger attractive forces.

Periodic Table Relationships

Elements depicted in Model 2 are located in the same column of the periodic table, indicating similar properties.
As atomic size increases from smaller to larger atoms, the distance between outermost electrons and the nucleus also increases, weakening the attractive force.
The relationship between independent variables (number of protons) and dependent variables (force of attraction) confirms that more protons lead to stronger attraction.

Mathematical Relationships

For five protons in a nucleus, the attractive force on a single electron is calculated to be 11.50 x 10^-8 N, based on each proton contributing a force of 2.30 x 10^-8 N.
The inclusion of an additional electron next to two protons results in a consistent attractive force of 2.30 x 10^-8 N due to mutual cancellation of forces.

Attractive Force Values

The approximate attractive force on each electron in specific models is around 4.60 x 10^-8 N.
In Model 4, elements presented are located in the same row of the periodic table, allowing comparisons of atomic properties.
Chlorine has the strongest attraction for its outermost electrons among the three atoms depicted in Model 4.

Dominant Factors in Attractive Forces

Increasing atomic size does not significantly change the distance between outermost electrons and the nucleus.
The strength of attractive forces is primarily influenced by the number of protons in the nucleus rather than distance alone.
Sodium has 11 protons, Aluminum has 13, and Chlorine possesses 17 protons in their respective nuclei, correlating with stronger attractions.
Across the evaluated elements, Calcium, Chromium, and Argon demonstrate varying attractive forces, with Argon having the strongest due to higher proton count.

Conclusion on Attractive Forces

The number of protons in the nucleus is a dominant factor influencing the attractive force between outermost electrons and the nucleus compared to the distance from the nucleus.

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