Chemistry Fundamentals Quiz

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Atoms: Basic units of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Elements: Pure substances consisting of only one type of atom, represented by symbols (e.g., H for hydrogen).

Ionic Bonds: Formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in charged ions.
Covalent Bonds: Formed when atoms share electrons to achieve stable electron configurations.
Metallic Bonds: Occur in metals, where electrons are shared among a lattice of atoms.

Reactants and Products: Substances that undergo a change (reactants) and the substances formed (products).
Types of Reactions:
- Synthesis: Two or more reactants combine to form a single product.
- Decomposition: A compound breaks down into simpler products.
- Single Replacement: An element replaces another in a compound.
- Double Replacement: Exchange of ions between two compounds.
- Combustion: Reaction with oxygen producing heat and light.

Solid: Definite shape and volume, particles closely packed.
Liquid: Definite volume but takes the shape of its container, particles are less closely packed.
Gas: No definite shape or volume, particles are far apart and move freely.

Acids: Substances that donate protons (H⁺ ions); have a pH less than 7.
Bases: Substances that accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH⁻); have a pH greater than 7.
pH Scale: Measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 (strong acid) to 14 (strong base), with 7 being neutral.

Elements organized by atomic number: Arrangement based on the number of protons.
Groups/Families: Vertical columns with similar chemical properties (e.g., alkali metals, halogens).
Periods: Horizontal rows indicating the energy levels of electrons.

Endothermic Reactions: Absorb heat, resulting in a temperature drop in the surroundings.
Exothermic Reactions: Release heat, causing an increase in the temperature of the surroundings.

Mole Concept: A mole is 6.022 x 10²³ particles; used for counting entities in chemistry.
Balancing Equations: Ensures the conservation of mass, with equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides.

Hydrocarbons: Compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon; includes alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine characteristic chemical reactions (e.g., hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH)).

Salts: Ionic compounds formed from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids: Classification based on properties; metals are good conductors, nonmetals are poor conductors, and metalloids have intermediate properties.

Titration: Technique used to determine concentration by reacting a solution of known concentration with a solution of unknown concentration.
Distillation: Method for separating components of a mixture based on their boiling points.
Chromatography: Technique for separating mixtures based on differential affinities of substances to stationary and mobile phases.

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Atoms are the basic units of matter and are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Elements are pure substances that consist of only one type of atom.

Ionic bonds form when one atom transfers electrons to another, resulting in charged ions.
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to achieve stable electron configurations.
Metallic bonds occur in metals, where electrons are shared among a lattice of atoms.

Reactants are the substances that undergo a change in a chemical reaction.
Products are the substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
Synthesis is a reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a single product.
Decomposition is a reaction where a compound breaks down into simpler products.
Single replacement is a reaction where an element replaces another in a compound.
Double replacement is a reaction where ions are exchanged between two compounds.
Combustion is a reaction with oxygen that produces heat and light.

Solids have a definite shape and volume, and their particles are closely packed.
Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container, and their particles are less closely packed.
Gases have no definite shape or volume, and their particles are far apart and move freely.

Acids donate protons (H⁺ ions) and have a pH less than 7.
Bases accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH⁻) and have a pH greater than 7.
The pH scale ranges from 0 (strong acid) to 14 (strong base), with 7 being neutral.

The periodic table organizes elements by their atomic number, which is the number of protons in the atom.
Groups (families) are vertical columns on the periodic table, and elements in the same group share similar chemical properties.
Periods are horizontal rows on the periodic table, and elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells.

Endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings, resulting in a temperature drop.
Exothermic reactions release heat into their surroundings, causing an increase in temperature.

A mole is a unit of measurement that represents 6.022 x 10²³ particles.
Balancing chemical equations ensures that the number of each type of atom is equal on both sides of the equation.

Hydrocarbons are compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon.
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine characteristic chemical reactions.

Salts are ionic compounds formed from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Metalloids have properties that are intermediate between metals and nonmetals.

Titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.
Distillation is a method for separating components of a mixture based on their boiling points.
Chromatography is a technique for separating mixtures based on the different affinities of substances to stationary and mobile phases.