Chemistry Fundamentals Quiz

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Elements: Pure substances that cannot be broken down; represented by symbols on the periodic table.
Compounds: Substances formed from two or more elements chemically bonded in fixed ratios.

Atoms: Basic units of matter, consisting of protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative).
- Nucleus: Central part containing protons and neutrons.
- Electron Cloud: Region around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found.

Organized layout of elements based on atomic number and chemical properties.
Groups/Families: Vertical columns; share similar properties (e.g., alkali metals, halogens).
Periods: Horizontal rows; show trends in properties across the row.

Ionic Bond: Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed when electrons are transferred.
Covalent Bond: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
Metallic Bond: Delocalized sharing of electrons among a lattice of metal atoms.

Solid: Definite shape and volume; particles are closely packed.
Liquid: Definite volume but takes the shape of the container; particles are less tightly packed.
Gas: No definite shape or volume; particles are far apart and move freely.

Reactants: Substances present before a reaction.
Products: Substances formed as a result of a reaction.
Types of Reactions:
- Synthesis: Two or more substances combine to form a new compound.
- Decomposition: A compound breaks down into simpler substances.
- Single replacement: One element replaces another in a compound.
- Double replacement: Exchange of ions between two compounds.
- Combustion: Reaction of a substance with oxygen, producing energy.

Acids: Substances that donate protons (H⁺) and have a pH less than 7.
Bases: Substances that accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH⁻) and have a pH greater than 7.
Neutralization: Reaction between an acid and a base to form water and a salt.

Study of the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
Mole: A unit representing 6.022 x 10²³ particles (atoms, molecules).
Balanced Chemical Equation: Same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation.

Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Solvent: The substance that dissolves the solute (usually in greater amount).
Solute: The substance being dissolved.
Concentration: Amount of solute per unit volume of solution, often expressed in molarity (M).

Titration: Quantitative analytical method to determine concentration of a solute in a solution.
Chromatography: Technique for separating mixtures based on differential affinities to a stationary phase.
Spectroscopy: Study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. They are represented by symbols on the periodic table.
Compounds are formed when two or more elements chemically combine in fixed ratios.

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. They are made up of three primary particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
The nucleus is the central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.
The electron cloud is a region around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found.

The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic number and chemical properties.
Elements in the same vertical column are called groups or families and share similar chemical properties. Examples include alkali metals and halogens.
Elements in the same horizontal row are called periods, and they exhibit trends in properties as you move across the row.

Ionic bonds form when atoms transfer electrons, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other.
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Metallic bonds occur in metals and are characterized by delocalized sharing of electrons among a lattice of metal atoms.

Solids have a definite shape and volume, with particles closely packed together.
Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container, with particles less tightly packed.
Gases have no definite shape or volume, with particles far apart and moving freely.

Acids donate protons (H⁺) and have a pH less than 7.
Bases accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH⁻) and have a pH greater than 7.
Neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base, which forms water and a salt.

Stoichiometry is the study of quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.
A mole represents 6.022 x 10²³ particles (atoms, molecules).
A balanced chemical equation ensures that the same number of each type of atom appears on both sides of the equation.

Thermochemistry deals with the energy changes (heat) that occur during chemical reactions.
Endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings (ΔH is positive).
Exothermic reactions release heat into the surroundings (ΔH is negative).

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
The solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute and is typically present in a larger amount.
The solute is the substance being dissolved.
Concentration measures the amount of solute per unit volume of solution, often expressed in molarity (M).

Titration is a quantitative analytical technique used to determine the concentration of a solute in a solution.
Chromatography separates mixtures based on the different affinities of components to a stationary phase.
Spectroscopy studies the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.

Always wear appropriate protective gear, including goggles, gloves, and lab coats.
Know the location of safety equipment, such as eyewash stations and fire extinguishers.
Properly label and store chemicals to prevent accidents.